Question 1

Which of the following did sociologists have little regard for during much of the 20th century?&#10;A) internal thought processes and self-directed behavior&#10;B) concepts that represent psychological processes and structures&#10;C) illuminating the &#34;black box&#34; of the individual&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Sociologists had little regard for internal thought processes and self-directed behavior, concepts that represent psychological processes and structures, and illuminating the "black box" of the individual during much of the 20th century.

Question 2

Young people in Japan who go through a period of extreme social withdrawal, often never leaving their parents' house,&#10;A) are called hikikomori&#10;B) may be experiencing extreme difficulties in developing an individualized identity&#10;C) may paralyzed by the number of identity choices now available in Japanese society&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the answer choices are correct. Young people in Japan who experience extreme social withdrawal are called hikikomori and may be struggling to develop a unique sense of identity in a society with many identity choices.

Question 3

Which of the following terms has been used to describe people in Japan who combine both individualism and collectivism in their identity formation?&#10;A) post-traditional collectivism&#10;B) individualistic collectivism&#10;C) late-modern collectivism&#10;D) postmodern collectivism

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe people in Japan who combine both individualism and collectivism in their identity formation is "individualistic collectivism." This term recognizes that while there is still a strong emphasis on group harmony and collective identity in Japanese culture, there is also a growing recognition and acceptance of individualism and personal expression. The other answer choices do not accurately describe this concept.

Question 4

Why does the text argue that it is not necessary to address the philosophical debate about free will and determinism in theorizing agency? Because prior causation does not mean that people&#10;A) do not vary in their degrees of proactivity&#10;B) cannot learn to be more proactive in certain contexts&#10;C) are not incapable of self-control&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The text argues that it is not necessary to address the philosophical debate about free will and determinism in theorizing agency because prior causation does not negate the fact that people can still vary in their degrees of proactivity, learn to be more proactive in certain contexts, and maintain self-control. Therefore, all of the above are correct.

Question 5

Why does the potential for agency in a given individual depend both upon the specific qualities of that individual and the specific qualities of the context in which the individual is acting?&#10;A) because people function in contexts by definition, and so are never free from structure, but vary in terms of their ability to utilize and transform that structure&#10;B) because certain contexts support specific agentic orientations and not others&#10;C) because certain forms of agency affect contexts in ways that favor those forms of agency&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The potential for agency in a given individual is dependent on both their specific qualities and the qualities of the context in which they are acting. People function in contexts by definition, and agency can only exist within a given structure. However, some individuals may have a better ability to utilize and transform that structure than others. Additionally, certain contexts may support specific forms of agency over others. Lastly, certain forms of agency can affect contexts in ways that favor those forms of agency. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following processes is most likely to help people penetrate social structures?&#10;A) ego identity&#10;B) moral identity&#10;C) identity-based agency&#10;D) identity capital

Accepted Answer

Identity-based agency is the process of using one's social identity as a means of achieving goals and making changes within social structures. It involves recognizing and utilizing one's unique social position and power as a member of a particular group to affect change. This approach is more likely to help people penetrate social structures because it is rooted in a specific social identity and provides a framework for action within that context. The other options listed may be important aspects of personal identity, but they are not necessarily focused on penetrating social structures.

Question 7

Which of the following terms describes how broadly or narrowly the person conceptualizes his or her future prospects?&#10;A) self horizons&#10;B) self-efficacy&#10;C) identity horizons&#10;D) moral identity

Accepted Answer

Identity horizons describe how broadly or narrowly a person conceptualizes their future prospects, reflecting the range of possibilities they see for themselves in the future.

Question 8

Using the algorithm for calculating community risks and benefits, if 30 percent of a community lives in poverty and 30 percent of the people living in that community do not have sufficient agentic resources, the estimate of the proportion at risk for structural reasons there is

A) 16 percent
B) 24 percent
C) 36 percent
D) 84 percent

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using the algorithm for calculating community risks...

Question 9

How does the SIFT address the structure-agency debate?&#10;A) it focuses on interactions between identity-based agency and identity-conferring social structures&#10;B) it argues that people are always functioning is social contexts, so it is erroneous to conceive of them as separate from structures&#10;C) it embraces developmental contextualism as a model to understand interactions between structure and agency&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The SIFT model addresses the structure-agency debate by focusing on interactions between identity-based agency and identity-conferring social structures, arguing that people are always functioning is social contexts and it embraces developmental contextualism as a model to understand interactions between structure and agency. Therefore, all of the above are true.

Question 10

What potentially serious bias has emerged recently in the self-esteem literature?&#10;A) low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among White females&#10;B) low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among Black females&#10;C) low self-esteem is actually more of a problem among adolescent males than females&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The potentially serious bias that has emerged recently in the self-esteem literature is that low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among White females. It is important to recognize that self-esteem issues are not limited to one specific group or demographic.

Deck 5: Proactivity