Deck 6: Stages of Learning

Question 1

Johnny has been playing soccer for 3 years. This year he is being introduced to a new skill, heading a soccer ball. With respect to heading the soccer ball, Johnny is in what stage of learning?

A) Cognitive
B) Associative
C) Autonomous
D) Johnny is between stages

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true of beginners?

A) They are mechanically inefficient
B) They are inconsistent
C) Their movements are performed with little or no conscious control
D) They expend a large amount of energy

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Although a learner can perform a skill consistently, it does not necessarily mean that the skill is being performed accurately.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE
C) Depends on the skill

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Consciously attending to specific aspects of a well-learned movement can be detrimental to performance.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of performance curves?

A) The general direction of the curve is indicative of improvement
B) By examining successive trials, consistency can be inferred
C) The most common curve is the negatively accelerating curve
D) They are useful for establishing that a relatively permanent change has taken place

Question 6

A period of time during the learning process in which no overt changes in performance occur is called which of the following?

A) Learning cessation
B) Termination
C) Performance plateau
D) Freezing the degrees of freedom

Question 7

Which of the following is administered directly following the practice period?

A) Pretest
B) Post test
C) Retention test
D) Transfer test

Question 8

A patient is pre and post tested on his execution of a sit to stand transfer. Following the post-test, the patient is then tested on his ability to perform the sit to stand transfer from a novel chair height. What is this latter test called?

A) Retest
B) Retention test
C) Novel test
D) Transfer test

Question 9

Which of the following would best measure learning?

A) A pretest
B) A post test
C) A retention test
D) A plateau

Question 10

List five performance characteristics that can help you infer that learning has occurred.

Question 11

In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner typically does which of the following as regards the degrees of freedom?

A) Freezes the degrees of freedom
B) Releases the degree of freedom
C) Develops the degrees of freedom
D) Increases the degrees of freedom

Question 12

Variations in both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions should be systematically introduced for

A) Closed skills
B) Closed skills with inter-trial variability
C) Open skills
D) B and C only

Question 13

For closed skill with inter-trial variability, which of the following should be practiced?

A) Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
B) Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
C) Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions

Question 14

A learner who is capable of detecting some errors but still struggling to determine how to fix them is in what stage of learning?

A) Cognitive
B) Associative
C) Autonomous
D) Expert

Question 15

For a learner in the autonomous stage of learning, what is the role of the practitioner?

A) Minimal
B) Still involves practice design and error detection and correction
C) Facilitate learner's understanding of the basic requirements of the skill
D) Develop the learner's error detection and correction capabilities

Question 16

If a learner's movements lack synchronization and appear choppy and deliberate that learner is most likely in which stage of learning?

A) Cognitive
B) Associative
C) Autonomous
D) Affective

Question 17

In the autonomous stage, attentional focus is:

A) Reallocated to strategic decision-making
B) Solely directed to skill execution
C) Split between skill execution and strategic decision-making
D) Overtaxed to the point of exceeding the learner's attentional capacity

Question 18

Which of the following is a role that the practitioner NO LONGER plays when a learner is in the associative stage of learning?

A) Provide feedback
B) Provide initial instructions
C) Develop a learner's error detection and correction capabilities
D) Design effective practice experiences

Question 19

Once a learner reaches the autonomous stage of learning, a key responsibility of the practitioner is to do which of the following?

A) Develop a learner's error detection and correction capabilities
B) Motivate
C) Demonstrate
D) The practitioner is no longer needed once a learner reaches this stage.

Question 20

In the fixation/diversification stage of Gentile's Stages of Learning model, which instructional strategy is recommended for closed skills with inter-trial variability?

A) Fixation.
B) Diversification.
C) Getting the idea of the movement.
D) Distinctionism.

Question 21

For a closed skill with no inter-trial variability, which of the following conditions should be practiced?

A) Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
B) Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
C) Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions

Question 22

For an open skill, which of the following conditions should be practiced?

A) Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
B) Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
C) Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions

Question 23

How does Gentile's model of learning differ from that of Fitts and Posner's?