Question 1

Which of the following sends a signal to the CNS indicating how much and how fast a muscle's length is changing?&#10;A) Golgi tendon organs&#10;B) Muscle spindles&#10;C) Joint kinesthetic receptors&#10;D) The vestibular apparatus

Accepted Answer

Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that are sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of change in length. When the muscle length changes, muscle spindles send a signal to the CNS to adjust the muscle's contraction to maintain or change its length.

Question 2

Parkinson's disease is a result of under stimulation of the __________.&#10;A) Primary motor area&#10;B) Primary somatosensory area&#10;C) Cerebellum&#10;D) Basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease is a result of under stimulation of the basal ganglia, which is responsible for regulating movement and motor control.

Question 3

Which of the following is the area of the brain that plays a key role in the detection and correction of errors?&#10;A) Diencephalon&#10;B) General Interpretive area&#10;C) Basal ganglia&#10;D) Cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum plays a key role in the detection and correction of errors, both in movement and cognitive tasks. It receives input from sensory systems and compares it with motor output, correcting any discrepancies.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true of the storage function of working memory?&#10;A) Information can only be stored in it for 20-30 seconds unless it is given further attention&#10;B) Active processing is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory&#10;C) Information is transmitted to the short-term memory after being selectively attended to in the sensory register&#10;D) It has a limitless capacity

Accepted Answer

The statement "It has a limitless capacity" is not true of the storage function of working memory. Working memory has a limited capacity and can only hold a certain amount of information at any given time. This capacity is thought to be around 7 items, plus or minus 2, depending on the individual.

Question 5

_____________ memory contains information about personal experiences and events associated with a specific time and context.&#10;A) Semantic&#10;B) Procedural&#10;C) Episodic&#10;D) Declarative&#10;E) B and C only

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is responsible for storing information about personal experiences and events associated with a specific time and context. Semantic memory, on the other hand, deals with general knowledge and facts, while procedural memory is involved with learning how to do things and skills. Declarative memory is an umbrella term that encompasses both episodic and semantic memory. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Episodic memory.

Question 6

Factual knowledge, such as your school colors, is retained in your ___________ memory.&#10;A) Semantic&#10;B) Procedural&#10;C) Episodic&#10;D) Declarative

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is responsible for storing and retrieving general factual information about the world, including knowledge about concepts, ideas, and vocabulary. School colors would fall under this category of factual information. Procedural memory is related to motor skills and habits, such as riding a bike or playing a musical instrument. Episodic memory is responsible for storing personal experiences and events, such as your first day of school. Declarative memory is a broader term that encompasses both semantic and episodic memory.

Question 7

Which of the following enables performers to make, execute, and evaluate strategic and movement decisions?&#10;A) Short-term memory&#10;B) Long-term memory&#10;C) Both A and B&#10;D) Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Both short-term and long-term memory contribute to performers' ability to make, execute, and evaluate strategic and movement decisions. Short-term memory allows performers to recall information in the present moment, such as the choreography of a dance or the timing of a gymnastics routine. Long-term memory allows performers to draw on past experiences and knowledge to inform their decision-making, such as remembering previous mistakes and successes in executing a particular movement or sequence. Therefore, both types of memory are necessary and complementary for successful performance.

Question 8

Temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information is the responsibility of which of the following?&#10;A) Phonological loop&#10;B) Central executive&#10;C) Visuospatial sketchpad&#10;D) Sensory memory

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information. The phonological loop deals with verbal information, the central executive is responsible for coordinating information from different sources, and sensory memory briefly holds all incoming sensory information before it is processed.

Question 9

Prehension involves&#10;A) transporting the hand to a target location&#10;B) grasping an object&#10;C) manipulating an object&#10;D) All of the above&#10;E) B and C only

Accepted Answer

Prehension involves all three processes of transporting the hand to a target location, grasping an object, and manipulating an object. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 10

The _________ plays a key role in regulating the intensity (scaling) of movement parameters.&#10;A) Primary motor area&#10;B) Primary somatosensory area&#10;C) Cerebellum&#10;D) Basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia play a key role in regulating the scaling of movement parameters, which means that they control the intensity or strength of movements. The primary motor area is involved in the planning and execution of movements, while the primary somatosensory area is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch and proprioception. The cerebellum plays a role in coordinating and refining movements, but it is not primarily involved in regulating the intensity of movement parameters.

Question 11

Which is the area of the brain that organizes learned coordinated movements that involve complex sequencing of muscles?&#10;A) Secondary somatosensory area&#10;B) Prefrontal cortex.&#10;C) Premotor cortex&#10;D) Association area

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is the area of the brain...

Question 12

________ are located in the inner ear and respond to changes in posture and balance.&#10;A) Golgi tendon organs&#10;B) Muscle spindles&#10;C) Joint kinesthetic receptors&#10;D) The vestibular apparatus

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ are located in the inner ear...

Question 13

Which of the following proprioceptors are found at the junction of the tendon and the muscle?&#10;A) Golgi tendon organs&#10;B) Muscle spindles&#10;C) Joint kinesthetic receptors&#10;D) The vestibular apparatus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following proprioceptors are found...

Question 14

Information is taken from the receptors to the CNS by which of the following?&#10;A) Afferent nerves&#10;B) Efferent nerves&#10;C) Descending pathways&#10;D) The pyramidal pathway

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information is taken from the receptors to...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes?&#10;A) They are involuntary&#10;B) The simplest pathway by which they occur is a reflex arc&#10;C) They must be integrated in the brain&#10;D) They allow individuals to react to a stimulus very quickly

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT true...

Question 16

An interneuron is a nerve cell that does which of the following?&#10;A) Transmits sensory information&#10;B) Transmits motor information&#10;C) Transmits visual information&#10;D) Lies between a sensory and motor neuron in a reflex arc

Accepted Answer

The answer of An interneuron is a nerve cell that...

Question 17

Which reflex would occur if an individual were to touch a hot stove?&#10;A) A monosynaptic reflex&#10;B) The parachute reflex&#10;C) The crossed extensor reflex&#10;D) The withdrawal reflex

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which reflex would occur if an individual...

Question 18

Which area of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions?&#10;A) Brainstem&#10;B) Diencephalon&#10;C) Cerebral cortex&#10;D) Cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which area of the brain is responsible...

Question 19

If a stroke patient lost his or her ability to consciously feel and localize touch and pressure on the skin, which area of the brain is likely affected?&#10;A) Primary somatosensory area&#10;B) Primary motor cortex&#10;C) Cerebellum&#10;D) Basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a stroke patient lost his or...

Question 20

After the brain develops during a critical period in early childhood, it remains relatively unchangeable with fixed neuronal circuits in adulthood

Accepted Answer

The answer of After the brain develops during a critical...

Deck 5: Neural Mechanisms: Contributions and Control