Deck 7: Memory and Cognition

Question 1

In this chapter's Senior View, Isabelle and Ed Peltz told us that the information stored in memory is

A) the actual event that occurred
B) your perception of events that occurred
C) always subject to reinterpretation
D) never the same as another person's memory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The active processing of new information is assumed to take place in

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) meta-memory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not one of the three types of long-term memory discussed in the text?

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) sensory
D) semantic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which component of memory seems to show minimal change as adults grow older?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Question 5

Changes in working memory with advanced age appear to be due to

A) an increase in the inhibition of relevant information
B) a decline in general mental processing
C) a loss of resources used for storage and processing
D) all of the above

Question 6

Grandfather has a difficult time learning the names of some new friends that you brought over to meet him. This difficulty is more probably due to

A) his attempts to retrieve the names of other friends he met previously
B) a slow down in the rate at which he can process new information
C) a general decline in his ability to encode information deeply
D) his lack of interest in meeting your new friends

Question 7

Changes in working memory seem to be responsible for adult deficits in

A) retrieval from long-term memory
B) episodic memory
C) distinctive encoding
D) all of the above

Question 8

The longitudinal study conducted by Smith found

A) that all the information originally learned was still in her long-term memory
B) that retrieval became more difficult as she grew older
C) that long-term memory seems to be a permanent storage component
D) all of the above

Question 9

Which of the following components of long-term memory is most likely to show lower performance by older adults?

A) episodic memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) all are likely

Question 10

Which of the following activities improves retrieval from episodic memory for older adults?

A) aerobic exercise
B) learning a language
C) playing a challenging game
D) all of the above

Question 11

Remembering to do some future behavior is referred to as ____ memory.

A) prospective
B) semantic
C) retrospective
D) procedural

Question 12

Older adults generally do well when their memory to do something in a naturalistic setting is tested probably because they

A) have excellent to-do memories
B) ask their friends and family to remember for them
C) plan effective strategies
D) have nothing else to do

Question 13

Josephine is 74 years old and is planning on taking a class to learn how to use her new computer; she should realize that

A) no one that old can learn to use computers
B) it will probably take her longer to learn than she might expect
C) she will learn well but be unable to remember what she learned
D) it is not worth the effort because computers change constantly

Question 14

Loquisha and Donald met at a party. Loquisha is 84 and wants to be sure and remember Donald's name; she should

A) focus only on his name
B) shut out all distractions
C) take her time remembering
D) all of the above

Question 15

Older adults are most likely to remember which of the following aspects of an important message?

A) the source of the message
B) the context in which the message was received
C) the contents of the message
D) the length of the message

Question 16

Retrieval from _____ memory does not appear to be a problem for older adults.

A) working
B) long-term
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 17

Which of the following items do older adults generally remember better than younger adults?

A) grocery items
B) songs
C) world history
D) all of the above

Question 18

Tip of the tongue (TOT) states seems to occur

A) more frequently for older adults
B) more frequently for younger adults
C) at about the same frequency for older and younger adults
D) most frequently for children and adolescents

Question 19

Metamemory refers to

A) memory for meta
B) an ability to retrieve information in great detail
C) a loss of memory for general knowledge
D) knowledge about one's own memory

Question 20

The relationship between older adults' complaints about memory and their actual performance on memory tests appears to be

A) they are right to complain
B) the do better than they expected
C) nonexistent
D) unknown

Question 21

Some research has found that older adults who complain about their memories

A) may be detecting changes that outsiders cannot yet observe
B) may be trying to attract attention from friends and family
C) also perform very poorly on objective tests of memory
D) are generally from cultures where aging is not respected

Question 22

Negative stereotypes about aging and memory seem to influence older adults'

A) performance on tests of memory
B) beliefs about their own memory
C) both of the above
D) none of the above

Question 23

Research suggests that remaining ______ active is an important factor in maintaining a high level of performance on memory tests.

A) socially
B) physically
C) mentally
D) all of the above

Question 24

The best way to reduce complaints about memory and to improve performance on memory tests seems to be

A) to expose older adults to a variety of memory improvement techniques and allow them to decide which one(s) to use
B) to teach older adults about memory changes that typically occur with advanced age
C) to do what can be done to relieve the anxiety of older adults who are worried about their memories
D) all of the above

Question 25

One pharmacological aid that shows promise for improving memory, particularly for those with serious memory problems, is

A) acetylcholine
B) Vitamins C and E
C) Gingko biloba
D) Beta-carotene

Question 26

Which chemical has been shown to play an important role in the formation of new memories while we sleep but does not seem to improve memory when taken as a supplement?

A) acetylcholine
B) adrenalin
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 27

A problem in comparing older adults' memory for recent events and events that happened a long time ago is that long ago events

A) may not be remembered
B) have no denominator available to compute a percentage
C) are harder to remember than recent events
D) have received very little rehearsal

Question 28

The reminiscence bump refers to the finding that older adults

A) like to reminiscence more than younger adults do
B) are reluctant to remember events that happened less than a year ago
C) recall events from their adolescence more often than other life events
D) show unstable (bumpy) retrieval of episodic memories

Question 29

A major reason for older adults' high recall of events early in life is that

A) those events have not had a chance to be forgotten
B) recent events are never quite as memorable
C) they were younger when those events occurred
D) early events are often first time events

Question 30

When memories are cued by an aroma rather than a word, the reminiscence bump occurs during

A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) young adulthood
D) the most recent years

Question 31

Describe an aspect of memory that appears not to change with age, one that appears to decline, and one that appears to improve.

Question 32

Grandpa remembers WWII stories but not what he did last weekend. Discuss possible reasons for this difference.

Question 33

Your favorite aunt has asked for your advice. You see, she is very concerned about her memory. She thinks she (and several of her friends) might be starting to have serious memory problems but she isn't sure. She forgot where her car was parked the other day. Tell her what she can expect in terms of normal changes in memory with age. In addition, be sure to tell her about those things that might make it LOOK like she, or her friends, have age related memory problems, when in fact they may not.

Question 34

How might negative stereotypes influence metamemory in older adults?

Question 35

Suppose you have an elderly relative who is experiencing common memory problems. Describe at least 2 strategies the she or he could use to remedy these problems Why would these be effective?