Deck 8: Assessing Posture and Gait

Question 1

What three earlier developments provide the foundation for the emergence of first words?

Answer 1

Response should focus on the emergence of the first word based on three earlier developments: (1) the infant's growing ability to record the sounds of words, (2) the development of an ability to control vocal productions, which occurs in the late stages of babbling, and (3) the general growth of symbolic cognition, as represented in play, imitation, and object manipulation.

Question 2

Describe the difference between children's use of undergeneralization and overgeneralization in the early development of word meaning.

Answer 2

Response should contrast undergeneralization and overgeneralization as two developmental patterns that aid the refinement of early word meaning. In the development of word meaning, initially undergeneralization occurs as the meaning of a specific word is limited to a set of concrete situations, can be difficult to detect, and often leads to idiosyncratic word usage. Errors of undergeneralization are reduced as children hear a word used across a range of situations, leading to a gradual generalization of word meaning that reflects adult usage. Overgeneralization occurs when word meaning is extended beyond a typical situation. Overgeneralization appears later in the development of word meaning, is less frequent, but is more easily noted and corrected by adults.

Question 3

_____ development involves learning how to distinguish the basic sounds of the language and using them to chop up or segment the flow of speech into distinguishable words:

A) Auditory
B) Articulation
C) Grammar
D) Word

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which dimension of language involves the development of how one uses language in particular social settings for particular communicative purposes?

A) Pragmatics
B) Grammar
C) Lexical
D) Phonological

Question 5

According to McWhinney, which of the following lists of levels of linguistic processing is in the correct developmental order?

A) Audition ⇒ articulation ⇒ words ⇒ grammar ⇒ communication
B) Articulation ⇒ words ⇒ audition ⇒ communication ⇒ grammar
C) Communication ⇒ words ⇒ grammar ⇒ articulation ⇒ literacy
D) Words ⇒ grammar ⇒ communication ⇒ literacy

Question 6

Developmental researchers have demonstrated the ability of children to store _____ by 6 months of age:

A) Language sounds
B) Simple grammatical rules
C) The meaning of words
D) The sound of their own name

Question 7

Which of the following neonatal cries seems to be the vocalization from which later language develops?

A) Pleasure cry
B) Pain cry
C) Hunger cry
D) Birth cry

Question 8

Infant "cooing" typically appears at _____ months of age and babbling at _____ months of age:

A) 3; 6
B) 2; 4
C) 1; 3
D) 6; 9

Question 9

Which of the following aspects of grammatical development stress children's use of high-level semantic relations to link words into meaningful utterances?

A) Feature-based patterns
B) Item-based patterns
C) Lexical-based patterns
D) Phonemic-based patterns

Question 10

Children typically communicate and control conversations through pointing _____ the appearance of their first words:

A) A few months before
B) Shortly after
C) Concurrent with
D) More than 6 months before

Question 11

What role does culture appear to play in language development? In your response, be sure to identify features of language development that appear across a variety of cultures and languages as well as those that appear to be more culturally specific and language-specific.