Question 1

Which theory is concerned with the motivation of the decision maker rather than the consequences of the decision?&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

Deontology is a theory of ethics that focuses on the moral duty and obligation of the decision maker rather than the consequences of their actions. It asserts that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes or context. The motivation of the decision maker is crucial in deontological ethics, as it is the adherence to moral duties and principles that determine the morality of the decision, rather than the consequences it produces.

Question 2

One problem with this theory is that the categorical imperative does not provide clear guidelines for deciding what is right and wrong when two or more moral laws conflict and only one can be chosen:&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

This problem is specifically associated with the deontological theory, as the categorical imperative is a key component of this ethical framework. While the categorical imperative provides a clear formula for determining moral duties, it does not always provide clear guidance for resolving conflicts between these duties. This is known as the "conflict problem" in deontological ethics and is a well-known criticism of this theory. The other options, such as distributive justice, utilitarianism, moral imagination, and virtue ethics, do not have the same reliance on the categorical imperative and are not associated with this particular problem.

Question 3

Which theory argues that equals should be treated equally in relationship to their relevant equalities and differences?&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice argues that equals should be treated equally in relation to their relevant equalities and differences. This theory focuses on the fair distribution of resources and opportunities in society, ensuring that people receive what they deserve and are entitled to.

Question 4

Which philosopher argued that social and economic inequalities are just if these inequalities are to everyone's benefit?&#10;A) Adam Smith&#10;B) John Locke&#10;C) Thomas Hobbes&#10;D) Jeremy Bentham&#10;E) John Rawls

Accepted Answer

John Rawls argued that social and economic inequalities are just if they are to everyone's benefit, a principle he articulated in his theory of justice as fairness.

Question 5

Which philosopher argued that self-interest motivates people to form peaceful civil societies?&#10;A) Adam Smith&#10;B) John Locke&#10;C) Thomas Hobbes&#10;D) Jeremy Bentham&#10;E) John Rawls

Accepted Answer

Thomas Hobbes argued in his book "Leviathan" that without a social contract and a powerful government to enforce it, humans would be in a constant state of war and chaos. He believed that self-interest motivated people to enter into civil societies for protection and security.

Question 6

Minority rights may be violated under this approach:&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is focused on maximizing overall happiness or utility, even if it means sacrificing the rights or interests of a minority. This can result in the violation of minority rights.

Question 7

Two weaknesses of the following approach are (1) it is difficult to determine who demonstrates integrity in the workplace, and (2) it is difficult to choose between compassion and not betraying somebody's trust:

A) deontology
B) distributive justice
C) utilitarianism
D) moral imagination
E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The approach mentioned in the question seems to align with virtue ethics, which focuses on cultivating character traits that lead to moral decision making. However, two weaknesses of this approach are mentioned - difficulty in determining who has integrity and difficulty in choosing between compassion and not betraying trust. Despite these drawbacks, the virtue ethics approach emphasizes the importance of character and strives for long-term moral development rather than a short-term focus on rules or consequences.

Question 8

Ethical dilemmas arise when&#10;A) norms and values are in conflict.&#10;B) there is only one alternative course of action available.&#10;C) norms and values are not in conflict.&#10;D) there are several theories of ethical decision making.&#10;E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Ethical dilemmas occur when there is a conflict between norms and values. If there were no conflict, then there would be no dilemma. The other options are incorrect because ethical dilemmas can involve multiple courses of action, and there may be disagreement among ethical theories about the best way to approach them.

Question 9

Which theory focuses on the moral character of the decision maker?&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics focuses on the moral character of the decision maker, rather than on the consequences of the decision or adherence to rules and duties (deontology), the fair distribution of benefits and burdens (distributive justice), the greatest good of the greatest number (utilitarianism), or creative empathy in decision making (moral imagination).

Question 10

If managers use moral imagination to determine ethical alternatives, the decisions need to be good for&#10;A) the individual.&#10;B) the firm.&#10;C) society.&#10;D) the individual and the firm.&#10;E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

When managers use moral imagination to determine ethical alternatives, they should consider the impact of their decisions on the individual, the firm, and society. Therefore, the correct answer is E, as all of these options should be taken into consideration for ethical decision-making.

Question 11

According to distributive justice theory, what are the three main criteria for determining the just distribution?&#10;A) need, fairness and merit&#10;B) need, arithmetic equality and merit&#10;C) opportunity, fairness and merit&#10;D) opportunity, fairness and arithmetic equality&#10;E) need, arithmetic equality and equivalence

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to distributive justice theory, what are...

Question 12

Which theory argues that the best ethical alternative is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness to the largest number of stakeholders?&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theory argues that the best ethical...

Question 13

There are two aspects of justice, but under which aspect is it argued that there should be a consistent application of law?&#10;A) distributive justice&#10;B) procedural justice&#10;C) balance of justice&#10;D) deontology&#10;E) teleology

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are two aspects of justice, but...

Question 14

This approach, a variant of utilitarianism, considers an action to be ethically good if it will probably produce a greater balance of good over evil:&#10;A) act utilitarianism&#10;B) active utilitarianism&#10;C) sub-utilitarianism&#10;D) consequentialism&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of This approach, a variant of utilitarianism, considers...

Question 15

Which philosopher argued that self-interest leads to economic cooperation?&#10;A) Adam Smith&#10;B) John Locke&#10;C) Thomas Hobbes&#10;D) Jeremy Bentham&#10;E) John Rawls

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which philosopher argued that self-interest leads to...

Question 16

Under this approach, what is important is that the decision was made for the right reasons:&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under this approach, what is important is...

Question 17

This approach presupposes that happiness, utility, pleasure, pain and anguish can be quantified:&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of This approach presupposes that happiness, utility, pleasure,...

Question 18

Which approach focuses on coming up with an innovative solution to an ethical dilemma?&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) moral imagination&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which approach focuses on coming up with...

Question 19

Individuals may be ethical because of&#10;A) religious concerns.&#10;B) emotional attachment to other people.&#10;C) enlightened self-interest.&#10;D) None of these are correct.&#10;E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals may be ethical because of&#10;A) religious...

Question 20

A difficulty in applying this approach is identifying all possible stakeholders impacted by a decision:&#10;A) deontology&#10;B) distributive justice&#10;C) utilitarianism&#10;D) procedural justice/consequentialism&#10;E) virtue ethics

Accepted Answer

The answer of A difficulty in applying this approach is...

Deck 3: Philosophers’ Contributions.