Deck 8: The Great Depression and Authoritarian Populists, 1930-1950

Question 1

Globally, the age of modernization led to widening inequality both between cities and rural areas and within cities themselves.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Both Argentina and Brazil diverged from the general Latin American pattern by developing modern secondary cities beyond the capital that had significant economic and demographic weight of their own.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The most common model for Latin American urban planning in this period was

A) New York.
B) London.
C) Washington.
D) Paris.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The improvement and expansion of Chapultepec Park encouraged the growth of wealthy suburbs beyond the historic urban core of Mexico City.
B) Chapultepec Park was fenced in and policed so as exclude and control the poor and undesirable social elements.
C) The park's association with the discredited Mexican Empire of Maximilian led Porfirio Díaz to neglect it.
D) Chapultepec Park reflected the prevailing medical theories of the time, which responded to urbanization by emphasizing cities' need for fresh air and landscapes inspired by the countryside.

Question 5

Whereas cities of southeastern South America (Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) grew in large part by attracting millions of European immigrants, cities in Peru and Ecuador (Lima, Quito, Guayaquil) grew largely through internal migration from the countryside.

Question 6

Argentina's public education system was designed to turn Argentines of all races, classes, and national origins into patriotic citizens and productive modern workers.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the white-collar middle classes (empleados) of Peru?

A) They tended to share the cultural tastes and social prejudices of the upper classes.
B) They were denied the right to vote, on the basis of not owning sufficient land or urban property.
C) They tended to share some of the economic anxieties - around wages and job security - of the lower classes.
D) They became a force for progressive political and social reform by the 1930s.

Question 8

Manuel Jesús de Galván's novel Enriquillo depicted all of the following idealized contributions to Dominican culture EXCEPT

A) The humanistic and religious traditions of the Spanish.
B) The greed and cruelty of the Spanish.
C) The resilience of the Africans brought to the country as slaves.
D) The innocence, nobility, and courage of the indigenous people.

Question 9

The villain or antagonist in Uruguayan author José Enrique Rodó's essay "Ariel" represented

A) Spanish ignorance and despotism.
B) French vanity and hedonism.
C) British racism and lust for power.
D) American materialism and cultural shallowness.

Question 10

"Debt peonage" was a method by which planters would sell lands to indigenous villages at exorbitant rates, forcing residents to work to pay off the debt or lose the land.

Question 11

Both sugar production in Morelos and henequen production in Yucatán demonstrate how technological advances facilitated the expansion of commercial agriculture and the dispossession of indigenous communities.

Question 12

Guatemalan President Manuel Estrada Cabrera was ousted from office largely because

A) His regime's assaults on indigenous communities provoked a popular uprising.
B) He alienated Guatemala's political elites by using the positivist-inspired national police, which had once enforced order on the lower classes, to control them as well.
C) His move to impose new taxes on the United Fruit Company prompted the firm and the US government to engineer a coup.
D) The oligarchy of coffee planters wanted to install one of their own as President.

Question 13

Ecuador's Liberal government after the Revolution of 1895 sought to expand public education and end debt peonage in the indigenous countryside, but came up short due to lack of resources and political will.

Question 14

In his campaign and his presidency, Francisco Madero prioritized achieving a transition to electoral democracy over implementing social reforms.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the Mexican Constitution of 1917 is FALSE?

A) It retreated from the excesses of nineteenth-century Liberalism by allowing the Catholic Church to resume operating schools.
B) It empowered the state to expropriate haciendas and redistribute land to the landless.
C) It set up potential conflict between the Mexican state and foreign oil companies by declaring that Mexico's subsoil resources belonged to the nation.
D) It implemented labor reforms including the eight-hour day, the right to strike, the right to a minimum wage, and the abolition of debt peonage.