Question 1

Which of the following was NOT identified as an important contributor to cultural change and to state-directed cultural nationalism in Latin America during this period?&#10;A) New technologies such as film, radio, and commercial recordings.&#10;B) Government ministries of culture and education.&#10;C) Government propaganda operations.&#10;D) Catholic and other religious schools.

Accepted Answer

Religious schools may have influenced cultural attitudes and beliefs, but they were not identified as important contributors to state-directed cultural nationalism or cultural change in Latin America during this period. The other options (A, B, and C) were all seen as significant factors in shaping cultural production and dissemination under government control.

Question 2

Mexicans of purely indigenous ancestry tended to be seen as mestizo if they abandoned indigenous markers and customs in areas such as food, drink, language, and dress.

Accepted Answer

This is true, as Mexican society has historically favored the assimilation and homogenization of indigenous people into a "mestizo" identity, which emphasizes European-derived cultural markers and downplays or erases indigenous ones. This has led to indigenous people who abandon certain aspects of their culture being seen as "less" indigenous and more mixed or assimilated.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about indigenismo in Guatemala is FALSE?&#10;A) It modestly expanded government programs of public health and education into Maya communities.&#10;B) It denigrated contemporary Maya people as lazy, unhealthy, and backwards.&#10;C) It ignored the advances of the ancient Mayan civilization.&#10;D) Its authors and adherents disagreed among themselves as to the precise causes of and solutions to Guatemala's &#34;Indian problem.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Indigenismo, while often critiquing contemporary Maya people, did not ignore the advances of the ancient Mayan civilization. In fact, it frequently idealized the ancient Mayan past while being critical of the present Maya population.

Question 4

Pan-Africanism and Negritude were trans-Atlantic movements that derived significant influence and inspiration from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Accepted Answer

Both Pan-Africanism and Negritude drew inspiration from Afro-Latin American and Caribbean writers and thinkers, such as Aimé Césaire and Nicolas Guillén. These trans-Atlantic connections helped shape the ideology and goals of these movements.

Question 5

While Diego Rivera was celebrated as a great artist, his affiliation with the Communist Party meant that he was deemed too politically controversial to receive commissions or funding from the Mexican government.

Accepted Answer

Diego Rivera was indeed a celebrated artist and a member of the Communist Party, but his political affiliations did not prevent him from receiving commissions or funding from the Mexican government. In fact, Rivera's most famous works are large murals commissioned by the Mexican government, showcasing his commitment to social and political themes.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Emilio Fern&#225;ndez's film Mar&#237;a Candelaria is FALSE?&#10;A) It depicted its indigenous characters, cultures, and landscapes sympathetically.&#10;B) It embodied the ambiguities and contradictions of Mexican cultural nationalism.&#10;C) It broke new ground by casting an indigenous actress in the title role.&#10;D) It was notable for making the film's villain mestizo rather than indigenous.

Accepted Answer

María Candelaria, directed by Emilio Fernández, did not cast an indigenous actress in the title role; Dolores del Río, who was of mixed heritage but not indigenous, played María Candelaria.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about Mexico's land reform program is FALSE?&#10;A) It helped satisfy rural communities' desire for restoration of lands they had lost to haciendas during the age of liberalism and modernization.&#10;B) It represented another effort to extend the power of the Mexican government into the countryside.&#10;C) Despite conservatives' resistance, it was on the whole a politically advantageous program for President L&#225;zaro C&#225;rdenas.&#10;D) It was one of the post-Revolutionary government's more successful economic-development programs.

Accepted Answer

All the other statements are true. The land reform program was a politically advantageous program for President Lázaro Cárdenas because it helped him gain support from rural communities and peasants. It also extended the power of the Mexican government into the countryside, which aligned with the post-Revolutionary government's agenda. The land reform program helped restore lands to rural communities that had lost them during the age of liberalism and modernization. However, the program was not entirely successful in achieving its economic goals.

Question 8

The key difference between the currents of indigenismo and mestizaje in the Andean countries was that indigenistas sought structural changes to the economic conditions that affected indigenous people, rather than focusing solely on issues of cultural identity

Accepted Answer

Indigenismo was a political movement that emerged in the early 20th century in Latin America, which sought to promote the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples. Indigenistas focused on addressing the economic, social, and political conditions that affected indigenous communities, such as land reform, access to education and healthcare, and labor rights. In contrast, mestizaje emphasized the mixing and blending of cultural identities, often ignoring or downplaying issues of economic and social inequalities faced by indigenous communities.

Question 9

The Andean marketplace cholas validate one argument of mid-century theorists of mestizaje: that urbanization would erode indigenous languages and customs and help people of indigenous descent assimilate into Europeanized mestizo national culture.

Accepted Answer

The Andean marketplace cholas demonstrate the opposite of the mid-century theory of mestizaje. They show that indigenous languages and customs can exist and persist in urban areas and that indigenous people can assert their identity and resist assimilation into a Europeanized mestizo culture.

Question 10

Panama hats come from&#10;A) Panama&#10;B) Ecuador&#10;C) Mexico&#10;D) Cuba

Accepted Answer

Although they are called "Panama hats", they actually come from Ecuador. This name comes from the fact that they were first shipped to Panama before being further distributed to other parts of the world.

Question 11

While indigenous Andeans faced frequent and at times severe abuses by rural landlords, religious factors prevented many from moving to make new lives elsewhere.

Accepted Answer

The answer of While indigenous Andeans faced frequent and at...

Question 12

Descendants of African slaves made up what percentage of the Brazilian population in the 1930s?&#10;A) 10%&#10;B) 30%&#10;C) 50%&#10;D) 75%

Accepted Answer

The answer of Descendants of African slaves made up what...

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the discourse of &#34;racial democracy&#34; in Brazil is FALSE?&#10;A) It portrayed Brazilians' attitudes to and experiences of race as superior to those prevailing in the United States&#10;B) It often deliberately downplayed the endurance of racism in Brazil&#10;C) It was used by the Vargas regime as part of its propaganda&#10;D) It held that each racial group in the country should govern itself according to its own traditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about the...

Question 14

The ruling revolutionary party in Mexico pushed to grant women suffrage because women were believed to be less religious than men.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ruling revolutionary party in Mexico pushed...

Question 15

Cuban rumba originated as religious music before evolving into commercial entertainment and dance music.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cuban rumba originated as religious music before...

Deck 10: Revolution and Reform in Latin America, 1950-1980