Question 1

In general, Latin American civil society had more freedom and latitude for political debate in the 1990s than in the previous decades.

Accepted Answer

In the 1990s, many Latin American countries transitioned from military dictatorships to democracies, which allowed for more freedom of expression and political debate in civil society. This marked a significant shift from the repressive regimes of the 1970s and 1980s.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the &#34;identity politics&#34; movements in Latin America since the 1990s is FALSE?&#10;A) These movements reflect the erosion of identities linked to class and occupation.&#10;B) These movements have called for all legislation to be race-blind, in order to uphold the principle that all citizens are equal before the law.&#10;C) These movements have shared characteristics with similar movements emerging in the North Atlantic world.&#10;D) These movements have challenged the prevailing nationalist discourses that depict race relations as harmonious.

Accepted Answer

The statement that these movements have called for all legislation to be race-blind is false. In fact, these movements have generally advocated for policies that address historical discrimination and seek to promote greater inclusion and recognition of marginalized groups based on their identities. This often means pushing for affirmative action and other measures that take into account distinctions based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and other factors.

Question 3

By the late 20th century, Brazil's small indigenous population was found exclusively in remote areas of the interior, chiefly the Amazon.

Accepted Answer

By the late 20th century, while a significant portion of Brazil's indigenous population lived in remote areas, particularly in the Amazon, not all were confined to these regions. Indigenous communities also existed in other parts of the country, including coastal areas and near urban centers, maintaining diverse lifestyles and varying degrees of integration with non-indigenous society.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about African-descended populations in the Andean nations is FALSE?&#10;A) They often live in remote areas away from the national centers of population and political power.&#10;B) Their communities and local environments have been under frequent threat from the mining, logging, and/or energy industries.&#10;C) They have been increasingly vocal in challenging the prevailing nationalist discourses of mestizaje.&#10;D) They constitute roughly a third of the population in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Accepted Answer

African-descended populations in the Andean nations do not constitute roughly a third of the population in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. This is a false statement.

Question 5

Advocates of &#34;plurinationalism&#34; argued that&#10;A) Indigenous nations should secede to form their own independent nation-states.&#10;B) Latin American nation-states should re-unite to form one two or three federal super-states.&#10;C) Multiple autonomous indigenous nations could exist within each Latin American nation-state.&#10;D) Indigenous peoples should assimilate into the dominant mestizo culture of most Latin American nation-states.

Accepted Answer

Advocates of "plurinationalism" argue that multiple autonomous indigenous nations could exist within each Latin American nation-state, allowing for cultural diversity and recognition of indigenous rights while maintaining a unified national identity. This approach rejects the assimilation of indigenous peoples into the dominant mestizo culture and the fragmentation of Latin American nation-state into smaller independent states.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about President Evo Morales of Bolivia is FALSE?&#10;A) He was able to increase funding for social programs without resorting to deficit spending.&#10;B) He was the first self-identified indigenous person elected to the presidency of a South American country.&#10;C) Bolivia's poverty rate declined by nearly half during his presidency between 2005 and 2015.&#10;D) He began his career as a coca farmer before moving into politics.

Accepted Answer

President Morales did resort to deficit spending to fund some of his social programs, which led to concerns about the long-term sustainability of Bolivia's economy.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about Rigoberta Mench&#250; is TRUE?&#10;A) She was elected president of Guatemala in 1999.&#10;B) Her activism represented a break with her father's politics as a supporter of the right-wing governments during Guatemala's long period of political and ethnic violence.&#10;C) The controversy over her book reflects differences among Maya, ladino, and Anglophone cultures' attitudes towards individual and collective experiences and representation.&#10;D) She was forced to return her Nobel Prize after multiple investigations revealed falsehoods or inaccuracies in her writing.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the cultural context and controversy surrounding Rigoberta Menchú's book, "I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala." Menchú's book depicts her experiences as an indigenous woman living in Guatemala during the political violence of the 1970s and 1980s, but it has faced criticism for inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and misrepresentations of events and people. The controversy surrounding the book has been linked to differences in cultural perspectives and expectations of historical accuracy and representation. Menchú's activism, family background, and political affiliations are not accurately described in options A, B, and D.

Question 8

The &#34;pink tide&#34; refers to&#10;A) The emergence of women's groups and female candidates as leading actors in Latin American politics.&#10;B) The tendency of Latin American governments to resort to budget deficits (&#34;red ink&#34;), but only moderately so.&#10;C) The rise of indigenous identity movements to political prominence in key Latin American countries.&#10;D) The trend in the early 2000s toward Latin Americans electing left-wing, anti-neoliberal governments in places like Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

Accepted Answer

The "pink tide" refers to the trend in the early 2000s toward Latin Americans electing left-wing, anti-neoliberal governments in places like Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. These governments shared an emphasis on social justice and reducing inequality, and were often identified by the color pink, as opposed to the traditional blue representing conservative parties.

Question 9

The government's response to the Ayotzinapa incident exemplifies the ongoing problems with violence and the rule of law in contemporary Mexico.

Accepted Answer

The government's response to the Ayotzinapa incident, which involved the disappearance of 43 students in 2014, was widely criticized for its mishandling of the investigation, lack of accountability, and potential collusion with criminal organizations. This incident highlights the persistent issues of violence and impunity in Mexico, which continue to undermine the rule of law and human rights in the country.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the most recent period in Venezuelan history is FALSE?&#10;A) The country has suffered from shortages of food and consumer goods, a rampant black market, and the highest inflation rate in the world.&#10;B) The chavista governing party led by Ch&#225;vez's successor Nicol&#225;s Maduro managed to win a majority in the National Assembly elections of 2015.&#10;C) State control of the economy has allowed for a new class of politically connected oligarchs to profit by their association with the state.&#10;D) Spending on the government's flagship jobs, education, and healthcare programs has been eroded by falling oil revenues.

Accepted Answer

The chavista governing party did not win a majority in the National Assembly elections of 2015. The opposition party won a majority.

Question 11

The election of female presidents in Latin America has been limited to small and peripheral countries, namely Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Chile.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The election of female presidents in Latin...

Question 12

In Latin America, unlike the United States, environmental activism has tended to be integral to, rather than separate from, broader movements for social and economic justice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Latin America, unlike the United States,...

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the town of Otavalo, Ecuador is FALSE?&#10;A) Its population is almost entirely indigenous.&#10;B) Its population is almost entirely Mormon.&#10;C) Peace Corps volunteers from the US introduced the practice of textile weaving to the village - formerly dedicated to subsistence farming - in the 1960s.&#10;D) Its large diaspora markets the town's products in North America and Europe.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about the...

Question 14

Which of the following is the Latin American country with the highest percentage of Protestants in its population?&#10;A) Paraguay (55%)&#10;B) Guatemala (40%)&#10;C) Ecuador (35%)&#10;D) Brazil (20%)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the Latin...

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the &#34;prosperity theology&#34; of third-wave Pentecostal churches is FALSE?&#10;A) It teaches that God will reward believers' faith with material benefits in this life.&#10;B) It urges them to contribute financially to the work of the church, as proof of their commitment to the faith.&#10;C) It has allowed denominations like the IURD to accumulate vast church-owned holdings in real estate, media, and other sectors.&#10;D) It provides believers with a principled alternative to neoliberal society's glorification of wealth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about the...

Deck 14: New Identities, New Politics, 1980-2016