Question 1

The demand for peacekeeping missions skyrocketed after the end of the cold war.

Accepted Answer

With the end of the cold war, there was a decrease in superpower tensions and an increase in regional conflicts. This led to a significant increase in the demand for peacekeeping missions.

Question 2

Which major operation(s) or event(s) had the greatest impact on peacekeeping discourse and thought?&#10;A) Somalia&#10;B) Bosnia&#10;C) Rwanda&#10;D) All the options given are correct.

Accepted Answer

All three operations/events had a significant impact on peacekeeping discourse and thought. The failure of the UN mission in Somalia in 1992-1995 highlighted the need for clearer mandates, better coordination, and adequate resources for peacekeeping operations. The atrocities in Bosnia in the early 1990s spurred a shift toward more robust peacekeeping approaches, including the use of force. The genocide in Rwanda in 1994 exposed the limitations of UN peacekeeping and the need for faster and stronger responses to crises. Together, these events led to significant reforms within the UN peacekeeping system and shaped current thinking on peacekeeping.

Question 3

According to Sheena Chestnut Greitens in chapter 15 of Strategy in the Contemporary World, the war in Bosnia dragged on during the early 1990s, despite the presence of the large UN peacekeeping force, because the UN refused to use force against Serb spoilers.

Accepted Answer

Sheena Chestnut Greitens argues in chapter 15 of Strategy in the Contemporary World that the UN peacekeeping force in Bosnia was limited in its effectiveness because the UN refused to use force against Serb spoilers.

Question 4

As of January 2021, approximately how many peacekeepers were deployed on missions?&#10;A) 25,000&#10;B) 85,000&#10;C) 150,000&#10;D) 300,000

Accepted Answer

As of January 2021, approximately 85,000 peacekeepers were deployed on missions, according to the United Nations. This is supported by information from the UN's official website. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 5

Although peacekeeping missions must be approved by the Security Council, they rarely fall victim to great power politics.

Accepted Answer

Peacekeeping missions can sometimes get caught in great power politics, as permanent members of the Security Council may have their own political agendas or alliances that affect the approval and execution of peacekeeping efforts.

Question 6

The _______ refers to the belief that television coverage of human suffering produces a public demand for intervention.&#10;A) tragedy effect&#10;B) CNN effect&#10;C) bodybag effect&#10;D) None of the options given is correct.

Accepted Answer

The "CNN effect" is a term used to describe the impact that continuous and immediate coverage of global events, particularly humanitarian crises or conflicts, can have on policy decisions and public opinion. The belief is that such coverage may create a sense of moral obligation to intervene and prevent further suffering, and that governments may feel pressure to act quickly in response to public demand. The term originated during the 1991 Gulf War, when CNN provided unprecedented 24-hour coverage of the conflict.

Question 7

Peace operations often breach the four main principles of war (clear identification of the objective, unity of effort, massing of forces, and surprise).

Accepted Answer

Peace operations typically aim to maintain peace and stability rather than engage in traditional warfare. As a result, the clear identification of objectives, unity of effort, and massing of forces may not always be necessary or feasible. Surprise is also often not a key factor in peace operations.

Question 8

Which of the following does Sheena Chestnut Greitens not list as a 'pathology' that may be produced by political concern over public opinion in peace operations in chapter 15 of Strategy in the Contemporary World?

A) Strategic compression of the battlefield
B) Operational focus on force protection
C) Failure to recognize sunk costs
D) Over-reliance on air power

Accepted Answer

In chapter 15 of "Strategy in the Contemporary World," Sheena Chestnut Greitens does not list "Failure to recognize sunk costs" as a pathology produced by political concern over public opinion in peace operations. The other options (strategic compression of the battlefield, operational focus on force protection, and over-reliance on air power) are discussed as potential negative outcomes or pathologies that can arise from the political need to maintain public support for military operations.

Question 9

Which of the following cases marked the first time the UN authorized the use of force to protect civilians against the wishes of a functional 'host' state?&#10;A) Libya, 2011&#10;B) Sierra Leone, 1999&#10;C) Rwanda, 1994&#10;D) Bosnia, 1995

Accepted Answer

The UN Security Council Resolution 1973, passed in 2011 regarding Libya, marked the first time the UN authorized the use of force to protect civilians against the wishes of a functional 'host' state. This resolution established a no-fly zone over Libya and authorized all necessary measures to protect civilians, in response to the Libyan government's violent crackdown on protests.

Question 10

Which of the following problems may hinder the ability of the UN Security Council to respond to a humanitarian crisis in a timely and effective manner?&#10;A) The 'logrolling problem'&#10;B) The 'posturing problem'&#10;C) The 'veto problem'&#10;D) All the given answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

All the given problems can hinder the UN Security Council's ability to respond effectively to humanitarian crises. The 'veto problem' refers to the power of permanent members to block actions, the 'logrolling problem' involves trading favors for support on unrelated issues, and the 'posturing problem' involves taking positions for domestic or international image rather than substantive action.

Deck 13: Conventional Power and Contemporary Warfare, John Ferris