Question 1

What is Gotthold Lessing's ugly ditch?&#10;A) The gap between scientific knowledge and ethical mandates&#10;B) The separation between humanity and God&#10;C) The impossibility of historical research to prove religious beliefs&#10;D) The collection of false doctrines of heretics

Accepted Answer

Gotthold Lessing's "ugly ditch" refers to the perceived gap or impossibility of using historical research and evidence to conclusively prove religious truths or beliefs. Lessing argued that historical truths cannot provide the absolute certainty required for genuine faith, highlighting a fundamental divide between the domains of history and religion.

Question 2

Lessing's play, Nathan the Wise, makes what claim?&#10;A) Human beings can never know if there is one true religion&#10;B) That Christianity is clearly the only true religion&#10;C) Religious truths must be accepted on authority&#10;D) All of the major religions are equally true

Accepted Answer

The play suggests that human beings cannot know if there is one true religion, promoting religious tolerance and understanding.

Question 3

According to Immanuel Kant, what is the chief concern of religion?&#10;A) Doctrine&#10;B) Morality&#10;C) History&#10;D) Salvation

Accepted Answer

According to Kant, the chief concern of religion is morality. For Kant, religion is not primarily concerned with the belief in supernatural beings or the afterlife, but with the moral behavior of individuals and the ethical principles that guide their actions. Kant believed that religion should be based on the idea of the moral law, which is derived from reason and requires individuals to act in accordance with the principles of duty and respect for others.

Question 4

Kant argued in his Critique of Pure Reason that:&#10;A) the traditional proofs for God's existence are successful&#10;B) there is no God&#10;C) we cannot look for knowledge outside the limits of our own experience&#10;D) morality can be reduced to cultural preference

Accepted Answer

Kant's philosophy is grounded in the idea that knowledge is limited to our own experience and that we cannot make claims about things that are beyond the empirical realm. Therefore, he would reject the traditional proofs for God's existence and the idea that there is no God. Additionally, Kant believed that morality is not reducible to cultural preference but is instead based on the rational principles of the categorical imperative.

Question 5

Kant's Copernican Revolution was that:&#10;A) the earth moves around the sun&#10;B) knowledge occurs when the objects of the external world conform to the forms of our concepts&#10;C) beliefs are imposed on us from the external world&#10;D) ethics are grounded in a transcendent God

Accepted Answer

Kant's Copernican Revolution in philosophy was his rejection of the traditional view that knowledge begins with the objects of the external world and is received passively by the mind. Instead, Kant argued that knowledge begins with the structures of the mind, such as the categories of the understanding, which shape and structure our experience of the world. In this sense, knowledge occurs when the objects of the external world conform to the forms of our concepts, rather than the other way around. This shift in perspective is sometimes referred to as the Copernican Revolution because it is similar to Copernicus' revolutionary insight that the earth moves around the sun, rather than the other way around.

Question 6

What grounds belief in God, according to Kant?&#10;A) Reason and experience&#10;B) Miracles&#10;C) Morality&#10;D) Nothing

Accepted Answer

Kant argues that our moral obligations suggest the existence of a moral lawgiver, which grounds belief in God. He does not argue that belief in God is grounded in reason, experience, or miracles, nor does he claim that nothing grounds such belief.

Question 7

Who is the father of modern Protestant theology?&#10;A) Friedrich Schleiermacher&#10;B) Immanuel Kant&#10;C) Ren&#233; Descartes&#10;D) Gotthold Lessing

Accepted Answer

Friedrich Schleiermacher is considered the father of modern Protestant theology for his emphasis on the subjectivity of religious experience and his attempt to reconcile faith and reason. He also played a significant role in shaping the liberal theology movement in the 19th century.

Question 8

According to Schleiermacher, what is the foundation of religion?&#10;A) Morality&#10;B) Revelation&#10;C) Feeling&#10;D) Reason

Accepted Answer

According to Schleiermacher, the foundation of religion is feeling or "intuition of the infinite." He believed that religion begins with a subjective experience of the divine, which he referred to as a "feeling of absolute dependence." Schleiermacher argued that theology should be grounded in this experience of feeling rather than reason or revelation.

Question 9

Which of the following best characterizes Schleiermacher's view of science and religion?&#10;A) When they conflict, we are obligated to follow religion&#10;B) They are two different ways of talking about the world and so do not conflict&#10;C) Miracles contradict the nature of science&#10;D) Science has shown religion to be outdated

Accepted Answer

Schleiermacher believed that science and religion were two different ways of talking about the world and did not necessarily conflict with each other. In his view, religion was concerned with the subjective experience of the divine, while science was concerned with the objective laws governing the physical world. Therefore, he did not see science as contradicting religion or vice versa.

Question 10

Christology from below signifies what?&#10;A) We begin with revealed doctrines of Christ&#10;B) Christ was merely a human being&#10;C) The divinity of Christ obscures his human nature&#10;D) We approach our understanding of Christ from our experience of him

Accepted Answer

Christology from below emphasizes starting with our experiences of Jesus as revealed in scripture and in our own lives, rather than starting with preconceived theological ideas and concepts about Christ. It emphasizes the humanity of Christ and sees his divinity as something that emerges from our understanding of him, rather than vice versa.

Deck 25: Romanticisms Response to Enlightenment Theology