Question 1

Which of the following was not a factor contributing to Modernism?&#10;A) Global exploration&#10;B) The Protestant Reformation&#10;C) Development of the printing press&#10;D) World War I

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

What was decided by the Peace of Augsburg?&#10;A) Martin Luther should be excommunicated&#10;B) The end of the Thirty Years' War&#10;C) The break of Lutherans from Catholics was irreparable&#10;D) Luther should be reinstated

Accepted Answer

The Peace of Augsburg (1555) decided that the break between Lutherans and Catholics was irreparable, leading to the official recognition of the Lutheran religion in Germany. It did not address the Thirty Years' War, nor did it reinstate or excommunicate Luther.

Question 3

The Thirty Years' War began as an attempt to:&#10;A) Restore unity to the Holy Roman Empire&#10;B) Separate the church from political regimes&#10;C) Declare independence from the Holy Roman Empire&#10;D) Establish an independent church

Accepted Answer

The Thirty Years' War began as a political and religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire, specifically between Protestant and Catholic states. The war was sparked by attempts to restore Catholic unity to the empire and suppress Protestantism, ultimately leading to a wider conflict involving other European powers.

Question 4

Why were Galileo's discoveries a challenge to the church?&#10;A) They undermined the authority of the church&#10;B) They contradicted the plain interpretation of scripture&#10;C) They undermined the sufficiency of our senses to know the world&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Galileo's discoveries challenged the church on multiple levels. Firstly, they undermined the church's authority as the sole source of knowledge and truth. Secondly, his discoveries contradicted the plain interpretation of scripture which stated that the earth was the center of the universe. Lastly, Galileo's discoveries implied that our senses were not sufficient to know the world, meaning that there was a need for further investigation and experimentation.

Question 5

Descartes believed that the existence of God and immortality of the soul:&#10;A) Were false&#10;B) Should be shown by philosophical arguments&#10;C) Could only be known by revelation&#10;D) Were true poetically

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that philosophical arguments could prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. He famously used a version of the ontological argument to argue for God's existence and believed that the soul was distinct from the body and therefore immortal. He did not believe that revelation was the only way to know these truths and did not view them as poetic truths.

Question 6

In Descartes's philosophy, the dualism of heaven and earth was replaced with:&#10;A) A three-part distinction between mind, body and spirit&#10;B) A four-part distinction between mind, body, soul and spirit&#10;C) A two part distinction between matter and mind&#10;D) A fundamental unity of all things

Accepted Answer

In Descartes's philosophy, the dualism of heaven and earth was replaced with a two-part distinction between matter and mind. He argued that these two substances were fundamentally different and separate, with matter being characterized by extension in space and mind being characterized by thought and consciousness. This concept of dualism had a significant impact on Western philosophy and continues to influence debates about the nature of mind and consciousness.

Question 7

The classic understanding of deism has to do with:&#10;A) The role of reason for believing in and understanding God&#10;B) The Ontological Argument for the existence of God&#10;C) Whether the mind is an immaterial substance&#10;D) God's relationship to time and space

Accepted Answer

Deism emphasizes the use of reason and observation to understand God, rather than relying solely on revelation or religious texts. Other options are not central to the classic understanding of deism.

Question 8

Which of the following were not deists?&#10;A) Lord Herbert of Cherbury&#10;B) Benjamin Whichcote&#10;C) John Toland&#10;D) William Paley

Accepted Answer

Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Benjamin Whichcote, and John Toland were all notable deists, while William Paley was a theologian and philosopher known for his defense of Christianity through natural theology.

Question 9

Natural theology is the attempt to&#10;A) Exclude all supernatural elements from religion&#10;B) Demonstrate the existence and attributes of God using reason&#10;C) Undermine scientific approaches to religion&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Natural theology is a branch of philosophy that seeks to understand God and religious truths through the use of reason and natural experience, rather than through religious revelation or supernatural events. Its primary goal is to demonstrate the existence and attributes of God using rational arguments and evidence from nature. It does not seek to exclude supernatural elements from religion, nor does it aim to undermine scientific approaches to religion. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 10

Matthew Tindal claimed that Christianity should become:&#10;A) A rational system of ethics&#10;B) More bolstered by scientific proofs&#10;C) The one world religion&#10;D) Obsolete

Accepted Answer

Matthew Tindal argued that Christianity should become a rational system of ethics rather than relying solely on faith and revelation. He believed that reason and evidence were necessary for understanding moral principles and that Christianity, as it was practiced at the time, was based too much on tradition and superstition. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Deck 23: The Challenge of Modernism