Question 1

What led to the creation of centers of learning in the Middle Ages?&#10;A) Discovery of Greek classical texts&#10;B) Granting of land and endowments for the creation of monasteries&#10;C) Desire for higher literacy among the peasants&#10;D) Donations from Emperors

Accepted Answer

The creation of centers of learning in the Middle Ages was largely due to the granting of land and endowments for the creation of monasteries. Monasteries were responsible for the preservation and dissemination of knowledge during this time period, and many of the great centers of learning in Europe (such as Oxford and Cambridge) were originally founded as monastic institutions.

Question 2

What is the meaning of credo ut intelligam?&#10;A) Intellect is superior to the appetites&#10;B) Intellect over faith&#10;C) I believe in order to understand&#10;D) Credence in the intellect

Accepted Answer

"Credo ut intelligam" is a Latin phrase that means "I believe in order to understand." This phrase is often associated with the philosophy of St. Anselm, who argued that one must have faith in order to truly understand the mysteries of God.

Question 3

Which two thinkers are responsible for emphasizing the phrase credo ut intelligam?&#10;A) Gregory the Great and Bernard&#10;B) Augustine and Gregory the Great&#10;C) Anselm and Abelard&#10;D) Augustine and Anselm

Accepted Answer

"Credo ut intelligam" translates to "I believe so that I may understand" and is often attributed to both Augustine and Anselm as they both emphasized the importance of faith precedes reason.

Question 4

The ontological argument purports to prove what?&#10;A) The existence of God from the creation of the world&#10;B) The nature of God from God's existence&#10;C) The existence of God from God's nature&#10;D) The creation of the world from the existence of God

Accepted Answer

The ontological argument purports to prove the existence of God from God's nature. It argues that the concept or idea of God, as a being greater than which none can be conceived, contains within it the attribute of existence. Therefore, if one can conceive of such a being, then it must necessarily exist in reality, since existence is a necessary attribute of that being.

Question 5

What is the fishhook theory of the Atonement?&#10;A) Satan took the bait of Christ's death&#10;B) Christ ensnared Satan through his resisting temptation in the desert&#10;C) God hooking individuals through their sins&#10;D) The letters that make up Christ in Greek spells fishhook

Accepted Answer

The fishhook theory of the Atonement states that Satan took the bait of Christ's death, just as a fish takes the bait on a fishhook. The theory suggests that Satan thought he had won a victory by causing Christ's death, but in reality, Christ's death was the means by which he defeated Satan and redeemed humanity.

Question 6

Anselm's innovation in the doctrine of the Atonement was that Christ's death is:&#10;A) payment to the church&#10;B) payment to Satan&#10;C) payment to God&#10;D) payment to mankind

Accepted Answer

Anselm's innovation in the doctrine of the Atonement was that Christ's death is a payment to God. This idea is most famously expressed in his work "Cur Deus Homo" ("Why the God-Man?"), where he argues that sin is an offense against God's honor and justice, and therefore only a payment made directly to God can make satisfaction for it. Christ's death, according to Anselm, was the ultimate payment to God for the offense of sin.

Question 7

Bernard of Clairvaux emphasized what about the Atonement?&#10;A) The Atonement is only efficacious for the elect&#10;B) Satan's rightful claim on humanity was nullified by Christ's death&#10;C) Redemption and forgiveness come only through Christ's blood&#10;D) Christ's life and death were great moral exemplars for Christians.

Accepted Answer

Bernard of Clairvaux, a prominent medieval theologian, emphasized that redemption and forgiveness are only possible through the blood of Christ, aligning with traditional Christian teachings on the significance of Christ's sacrifice.

Question 8

The Eucharist seems to have what implication for theories of the Atonement?&#10;A) The bread and wine are merely symbols of the body and blood of Christ&#10;B) God's grace is available to all people&#10;C) Christ's death was efficacious for the forgiveness of sins&#10;D) God's grace is available only to the elect.

Accepted Answer

The Eucharist is a sacrament in which the bread and wine become, in reality, the body and blood of Christ. This belief, known as transubstantiation, implies that Christ's sacrifice on the cross is made present in each celebration of the Eucharist. Therefore, the Eucharist reinforces the idea that Christ's death was efficacious for the forgiveness of sins, which is a central tenet of the Atonement theory.

Question 9

All of the following were results of the Fourth Lateran Council except:&#10;A) Doctrine of transubstantiation&#10;B) Salvation comes only for those in the Church&#10;C) Foundations were laid for the Inquisition&#10;D) Mary was officially pronounced &#34;Mother of God&#34;

Accepted Answer

The Fourth Lateran Council did not officially pronounce Mary as "Mother of God." This title for Mary had been in use since the early centuries of Christianity, and was affirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. The Fourth Lateran Council did, however, affirm the doctrine of transubstantiation (A), which teaches that the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the actual body and blood of Christ. It also declared that "there is no salvation outside the Church" (B) and laid the foundations for the Inquisition by requiring all Catholics to confess their sins to a priest at least once per year.

Question 10

According to Abelard , what is the meaning of Christ's death?&#10;A) Providing payment to Satan&#10;B) Providing payment to God&#10;C) Providing a supreme moral example to us&#10;D) Providing payment to mankind

Accepted Answer

According to Abelard, the meaning of Christ's death is to provide a supreme moral example to us, rather than providing payment to Satan, God, or mankind.

Deck 14: Anselm, Abelard, and Bernard