Deck 18: Conclusion personality Theory in Perspective

Question 1

Which of the following theorists is most concerned with philosophy?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Bandura
D) Cattell

Answer 1

 A

Question 2

Under ___________ leadership,psychology was transformed from the largely introspective study of consciousness into the study of overt or observable behaviors.

A) Watson's
B) Rogers's
C) Bandura's
D) Freud's

Answer 2

 A

Question 3

Regarding the possibility of personality change,what type of theorist would be most pessimistic?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Cognitive
C) Humanist
D) Behavior and learning

Answer 3

 A

Question 4

In most U.S.universities throughout most of the twentieth century,the study of psychology emphasized the study of

A) the spiritual side of the person.
B) the mind.
C) human behavior.
D) human consciousness.

Question 5

Humanist theories suggest that the individual is motivated toward heterostasis,which means

A) control over one's environment.
B) growth and self-actualization.
C) a state of mind devoid of desire.
D) an increased level of awareness of one's unconscious processes.

Question 6

Which of the following theories is most concerned with philosophy?

A) Dispositional
B) Cognitive
C) Behavior and learning
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 7

From the early Christian era until the period of the Enlightenment,the definition of the term psyche evolved from

A) "consciousness" to "mind" to "spirit."
B) "mind" to "consciousness" to "spirit."
C) "mind" to "spirit" to "consciousness."
D) "spirit" to "mind" to "consciousness."

Question 8

The term psyche,as it was used by the poet Homer,is best translated as

A) "self."
B) "soul."
C) "mind."
D) "consciousness."

Question 9

Rollo May regards basic philosophical issues as ________ that need to be ________.

A) bipolar dimensions; more sharply defined
B) either/or propositions; further dichotomized
C) paradoxes; resolved creatively
D) hypotheses; empirically validated

Question 10

Watson would have sanctioned which of the following as an appropriate subject for study?

A) People's varied intentions in donating to charity
B) Differences in maternal feelings among new mothers
C) Women's varied reactions to seeing a snake
D) Differences in motivation among teens who enter beauty contests

Question 11

Which of the following theorists would agree that behavior is determined by forces over which the individual has little control?

A) Allport and Kelly
B) Beck and Ellis
C) Freud and Skinner
D) Maslow and Rogers

Question 12

____________ sought to develop a technology to control human behavior,whereas ______________ tried to increase a client's sense of freedom and responsibility.

A) Rogers; Freud
B) Freud; Skinner
C) Skinner; Cattell
D) Skinner; Rogers

Question 13

Behavioral and learning theories of personality focus most on a(n) ____ approach.

A) philosophical
B) scientific
C) artistic
D) spiritual

Question 14

Albert Bandura advocated euthenics,which is the study of advancing human life through

A) improved living conditions.
B) selective breeding.
C) spiritual awakening.
D) the raising of ethnic consciousness.

Question 15

Which of the following approaches is least concerned with science?

A) Trait theories
B) Social cognitive learning
C) Behavioral learning
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 16

Which theorist would be most likely to reject the notion of free will?

A) Ellis
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Allport
D) May

Question 17

Dr.Yu is a clinical psychologist who is skeptical about the likelihood that her clients can undergo true personality change.Dr.Yu is most likely to subscribe to which theoretical approach?

A) humanist
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 18

Who was one of the first theorists to recognize the value of an interdisciplinary methodology with his diagnostic council at Harvard?

A) Freud
B) Murray
C) Beck
D) Erikson

Question 19

Which of the following theorists would be most concerned with the art of counseling?

A) Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus
B) Cattell and Eysenck
C) Buss and Plomin
D) Bandura and Rotter

Question 20

Raymond Cattell's advocacy of eugenics was based on his belief in the importance of

A) proactivity.
B) determinism.
C) situational factors.
D) inborn qualities.

Question 21

According to Burkitt,to become more relevant in contemporary times,psychology should attempt to

A) become more Americanized.
B) understand people as social selves rather than as self-contained individuals.
C) understand people as self-contained units rather than as social selves.
D) see things solely from a female perspective for a change.

Question 22

At the present time,the dominant position in Western psychology is

A) behavioral.
B) cognitive.
C) humanistic.
D) psychoanalytic.

Question 23

Wilhelm Wundt's original conception of psychology emphasized

A) philosophy.
B) art.
C) relationships.
D) science.

Question 24

Humanist psychology has become a divisive force because

A) it follows a pure scientific approach and methodology.
B) it has taken over the mainstream of U.S. psychology.
C) it suggests that human behavior is entirely controlled by external forces of conditioning.
D) its supporters often do not adhere to a purely scientific approach.

Question 25

According to May,contemporary psychological research is preoccupied with ________ at the expense of ________.

A) depth; precision
B) data and numbers; theory
C) introspection; extrospection
D) subjectivity; objectivity

Question 26

The word empirical really means that which is based on ________,but in psychology,the term empirical data has come to mean data that is based on ________.

A) experience; extrospective observation
B) extrospective observation; introspective observation
C) introspective observation; rational inquiry
D) rational inquiry; experience

Question 27

How is the paraworld of the experimental method different from the real world?

A) It is less predictable.
B) It deals with subjective data.
C) Its events are controlled.
D) It consists of more variables.

Question 28

Why have personality theories failed to generate a significant amount of research?

A) Because they are not completely grounded in philosophy
B) Because they are not provocative enough to inspire research questions
C) Because their conclusions and theories are too predictable
D) Because they deal with constructs that are hard to define operationally

Question 29

Compare different personality theories in terms of their stand on the following philosophical issues: heredity versus biology,freedom versus determinism,and optimism versus pessimism.

Question 30

Which of the following theorists is most likely to challenge the notion that a scientist must remain objectively detached from his or her subject matter?

A) Raymond Cattell
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Erich Fromm
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 31

Compare different personality theories in terms of their emphasis on philosophy,science,and art.

Question 32

How could psychology become "more scientific" by being "less scientistic"?

A) By disregarding everything other than extrospective observation
B) By including more broadly based experiential data
C) By limiting itself to that which can be precisely defined, articulated, and measured
D) By studying only phenomena that allow for prediction and control

Question 33

A theory of process-oriented psychology recently developed by Arnold Mindell combines elements of Jungian psychology,cognitive and behavioral models,and non-Western psychology.It may mark the beginning in psychology of a unified theory like that of

A) sociology.
B) biology.
C) physics.
D) kinesiology.

Question 34

The two biggest emerging trends in the study of personality theory are

A) neurobiology and psychoanalysis.
B) neurobiology and spirituality.
C) spirituality and humanism.
D) neurobiology and behaviorism.

Question 35

Which of the following theorists would be LEAST critical of viewing psychology primarily as an experimental science?

A) Maslow
B) May
C) Allport
D) Dollard and Miller

Question 36

The __________ form is increasingly regarded as the most appropriate form for understanding the construction of self in the postmodern era.

A) scientistic
B) scientific
C) factorial
D) narrative

Question 37

Discuss the history of the terms psyche and psychology from their origins in Greek thought to their present-day use.

Question 38

Explain how the scientific method may separate us from experience rather than illuminate it.

Question 39

The emphasis of Western psychology on objective,scientific approaches to psychology has resulted in

A) an integration of Western and Eastern approaches.
B) a separation from the world of experience.
C) an increased reliance on introspection.
D) a rise in the popularity and reputation of Freudian approaches.

Question 40

Indicate how Western psychology has narrowed the definition of the word empirical.

Question 41

Explain why it is important to conceive of personality theories as philosophy and art as well as science.

Question 42

How might increased concentration on the biological basis of personality influence the methods and results of the study of personality in the future?

Question 43

What issues in personality theory might become topics of study as a consequence of the 9/11 terrorist attacks,the genocide in Darfur,the killings at Virginia Tech,and other recent tragedies? What will be some relevant topics in personality theory in the near future?

Question 44

Ultimately,is the study of personality more philosophy,science,or art?

Question 45

Many personality theories have led to psychotherapy approaches.How might the newly developing quantum or unified theories lead to a new approach to psychotherapy or influence existing approaches?

Question 46

How might the recent emphasis on neurobiology and spirituality in personality theory translate into changes in efforts to help individuals with psychological problems?

Question 47

Describe recent trends in the field of personality theory and the directions the field may take in the future.