Deck 1: Acquainting Yourself With Ethics: A Tour of the Ethics Hall of Fame

Question 1

The study of law is based on the rules of evidence and proof. The study of ethics is based on the rule of:

A) relativism
B) empiricism
C) reasonableness
D) religiousness

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is not an element of the reasoning process as introduced by Socrates?

A) argument
B) antithesis
C) thesis
D) synthesis

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is the highest level of knowledge as stated in Plato's theory of the divided line?

A) scientific knowledge
B) reasoning
C) conjecture and imagination
D) belief

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Plato, the truth should be gained through investigating both:

A) thesis and antithesis
B) realism and idealism
C) the physical world and the metaphysical world
D) goodness and evil

Question 5

The principle that reality is a given value that lies in the middle of two extreme qualities is Aristotle's theory of realism, which he called:

A) the golden mean
B) moderation
C) harmony
D) rationality

Question 6

According to Aristotle, the ability to use abstract reasoning as the primary source of knowledge is:

A) wisdom
B) intelligence
C) realism
D) rationality

Question 7

Which President was a critic of situational morality?

A) Lincoln
B) Carter
C) Nixon
D) Truman

Question 8

Which Nature of Truth is substantively critical of the divine view of the truth?

A) scientific
B) sociological
C) religious
D) naturalistic

Question 9

What is the term for the practice of the principles of right and wrong on a regular basis?

A) determinism
B) morality
C) subversion of ignorance
D) scientific inquiry

Question 10

All of the following are reasons that Gert put forth regarding why relativist morality is popular EXCEPT:

A) Philosophers have defined exactly what constitutes moral conduct
B) social morals have been continuously stymied by forces of social change, political lobbyists, and commercialized media
C) The absence of formal ethical education allows most individuals to think they know what morality is without truly knowing
D) There has been a failure of contemporary morality to distinguish between a "code of conduct" and a substantive code

Question 11

Which of the following is part of the guiding formula for moral judgment?

A) Select the moral principle that best defines the problem in question
B) Justify the situation at hand by examining whether it conforms to the selected principle
C) If the situation fits the principle, the judgment should be made in accordance with the principle
D) all of the above are part of the guiding formula for moral judgment

Question 12

Which concept is best described as placing emphasis on achieving the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of individuals when making a decision?

A) determinism
B) deontology
C) utilitarianism
D) morality

Question 13

Attributing failures, consequences, or actions in one's life to "destiny" is called:

A) rule-utilitarianism
B) determinism
C) intentionalism
D) none of the above

Question 14

All of the following are part of scientific determinism's operative elements, which control one's ability to think and judge EXCEPT:

A) genetic conditions that make up various characteristics we inherit through genes/chromosomes
B) Climate and geography that influence our personality and temperament
C) Individuals form beliefs and traditions independent of socially acceptable tendencies/beliefs
D) Education and socialization that provide the necessary knowledge base we need in the sciences, arts, and critical reasoning/thinking

Question 15

Maslow (1971) described that an ethical person pursues what values?

A) Truth
B) Justice
C) Virtue
D) All of the above

Question 16

As a part of the Socratic reasoning process, which basic question was not posed to students?

A) What is it?
B) How much does it cost?
C) What good is it for?
D) How do we know?

Question 17

All of the following are major components of Aristotle's theory of realism EXCEPT?

A) Reality as a rationality
B) Reality as the actualization of potential
C) Reality as the golden mean
D) Reality as existentialism

Question 18

Which term best describes the following statement: The morality of a given action is dependent on who is engaging in the act and under what circumstances they are doing so.

A) Existentialism
B) Situational morality
C) Intrinsic goodness
D) none of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is not a rule of ethical choice?

A) Intrinsic good supersedes nonintrinsic good.
B) Nonintrinsic evil supersedes intrinsic evil.
C) Seek the summum bonum.
D) The end justifies the means.

Question 20

Socrates was known to demonstrate the power of "counterargument."

Question 21

Concerning the capacity to reason, humans and animals are equal.

Question 22

Morality is largely concerned with the application of established ethical principles.

Question 23

The root word "god" served as the basis for the adjective good.

Question 24

Goodness is broken up into two categories: intrinsic and nonintrinsic

Question 25

The utilitarian measure is used to determine the moral value of a given act.

Question 26

Act-utilitarianists would find leaking classified documents that contain evidence of illegal conduct as immoral because doing so is against the law, that is, against the rules of society.

Question 27

If one believes that they are not in control of any life events, they would subscribe to intentionalism.

Question 28

Someone who fails out of medical school and believes it is because they are from an area of little upward mobility would subscribe to determinism.

Question 29

In the formula E = PJ^2,, P stands for the philosopher that one thinks has the best ethical principles.

Question 30

Discuss in some detail the reasoning process. In doing this, address the Socratic reasoning method, and how it may be useful in answering questions related to the administration of justice.

Question 31

In the chapter, it was argued that morality emanates from practicing ethical principles (which concern right and wrong) on a continual basis. If this is so, how important might be ethical training for officers in the criminal justice system? Second, is there a place in the administration of justice for the employment of situational or relativist morality in a given situation? Address both viewpoints and provide an argument of why or why not.

Question 32

Under the section labeled "The Grammar of Goodness," the book presents four common controversies often presented to officers in the field of criminal justice, such a accepting a free cup of coffee and professional courtesy. Provide your opinion of how you would respond as a manager to an officer caught engaging in these activities. Should they all necessarily be prohibited?

Question 33

Exhibit 6 (in the text) , the idea of utilitarianism was presented. Address the various components of this concept, including the benefits and drawbacks of act/rule utilitarianism within the scope of criminal justice. Lastly, do you believe maximizing public happiness (perhaps, for example, through arresting drug offenders who are viewed negatively by the public though the individual may need treatment instead) always produces the "greatest" benefit for all involved?