Deck 3: The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Urban Sociology

Question 1

Before 1600 AD, few cities had populations larger than 150,000.Really large cities would not become possible until…

A)the Industrial Revolution had occurred, thus providing urban jobs for many workers.
B)the technology of food production made it possible for larger numbers of people to be supported by a smaller number of agricultural workers.
C)numerous people moved to cities to enjoy a more cosmopolitan lifestyle.
D)great religious cathedrals were built in cities, thus drawing believers to move to cities.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an important urban change due to the Industrial Revolution?

A)religion
B)size
C)density
D)structure
E)composition

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The Industrial Revolution ushered in the ______ major turning point in the historical development of cities.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The rapid urbanization of nineteenth-century European cities was due to technological and social innovations stemming from the…

A)Agricultural Revolution.
B)Industrial Revolution.
C)Revolution of Rising Expectations.
D)Second Urban Revolution.

Question 5

In the nineteenth century, European societies underwent massive changes from an old social order anchored in kinship, the village, the community, religions, and the old regimes to a new social order shaped by…

A)trade and exchange.
B)new monotheistic religions and the upheavals they brought.
C)world wars on a scale never before seen.
D)industrialization and revolutionary democracy.

Question 6

During the Industrial Revolution, rural people were attracted to city life because of its novelty and also because of…

A)the increasing demand for agricultural production.
B)the increasing religious significance of cities.
C)greater economic opportunity.
D)the separation of work and home.

Question 7

The absorption of family members into the new industrial economy as wage laborers led to…

A)increasing integration of work and home.
B)increasing reliance on extended kin.
C)less emphasis on family life.
D)increasing differentiation between work and home.

Question 8

The separation of work from home as a consequence of industrialization and urbanization had important implications for family members.Which of the following is NOT one of those implications?

A)Children were more likely to be socialized at home.
B)Fathers increasingly became the sole family provider.
C)The lives of women and children were increasingly centered around family, home, and school.
D)Women and children were removed from community involvements.

Question 9

Historian Asa Briggs coined the term ________ to refer to a city in a given historical period that has symbolic significance reflecting both awe at spectacular growth and technical progress and deep concern over emerging problems.

A)city as theme park
B)edge city
C)suburban city
D)shock city

Question 10

The city in a particular era that had symbolic significance both because of its spectacular growth and technological progress and also because it manifested emerging economic, political, and social problems is a(n)…

A)industrial city.
B)shock city.
C)cathedral city.
D)crime city.

Question 11

In delineating the macro-structure of mid?-Nineteenth-century Manchester, Engels focused on the spatial distribution of factories, businesses, and residential areas, as well as the spatial segregation of different social classes.In this, he anticipated the focus on urban spatial distribution of…

A)urban social psychology.
B)urbanism as a way of life.
C)urban ecology.
D)urban planning.
E)all of the above

Question 12

According to Engels in his study of Manchester, which of the following reflected the capitalistic economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution?

A)street patterns
B)geographic centrality of the business district
C)class-segregated spatial distribution of residences
D)layout of transit thoroughfares
E)all of the above

Question 13

Robert Nisbet and other social scientists argued that industrialization and urbanization in nineteenth-century Europe led to a "fundamental transformation" in the nature of…

A)street patterns.
B)religious beliefs.
C)the social bond.
D)ideal types.

Question 14

A conceptual construct based on the most important qualities of a social phenomenon is…

A)a conceptual construct.
B)Gemeinschaft.
C)a theory.
D)an ideal type.

Question 15

After the Industrial Revolution and rapid urbanization, nineteenth-century social scientists developed a view of cities that identified them with…

A)social disorganization.
B)loss of community.
C)loss of meaningful relationships.
D)all of the above

Question 16

Ferdinand Tönnies developed the ideal types of ________ and ________ to characterize the transformation from rural, agrarian to urban, industrial society.

A)Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft
B)status; contract
C)mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
D)folk; urban

Question 17

If you are focusing on intimate, traditional, enduring relations based on informal relationships and ascriptive status, you are studying…

A)Gemeinschaft.
B)Gesellschaf.t
C)contract.
D)organic solidarity.

Question 18

Durkheim developed ideal types with two contrasting types of social orders and bases for social integration.He suggested that preindustrial, agrarian societies were based on ________ while industrial, urban societies were based on ________.

A)status; contract
B)Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft
C)mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
D)organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity

Question 19

The ideal typologies contrasted emerging industrial societies with preindustrial rural and village communities.Hutter suggests that these typologies often distorted the work of the sociologists who developed them, as well as that of later sociologists.Which of the following explains this distortion?

A)The typologies were often pro-urban; too specific and narrowly focused, focused too much on variations within cities; and paid too much attention to variations within cities and with cross-cultural and historical variations.
B)The typologies were often anti-rural, too broad, and emphasized the importance of cross-cultural variations in urban life.
C)The typologies emphasized the religious role in urbanization, thus neglecting the important role of atheism in urbanization.
D)The typologies were often anti-urban, too broadly based and vague, and failed to deal with variations within cities and with cross-cultural and historical variations.

Question 20

Cities often permit a variety of lifestyles and enable different types of people to live together in relative harmony.These features make it easy to see why sociologist Richard Sennett suggests that Weber's definition of the city approximates the term…

A)Gemeinschaft.
B)metropolitan.
C)cosmopolitan.
D)anti-urban.

Question 21

For Weber, cities had three defining characteristics.Which of the following sets represents those characteristics?

A)religious center, public spaces, and a community that provided leisure activities for residents
B)market settlement, political administrative center, a community where residents had duties, rights, and status
C)mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, urban solidarity
D)warfare, authoritarian political structures, agricultural suburbs

Question 22

The Chicago School failed to pick up on three of Weber's important emphases in his study of cities.Which of the following is NOT an aspect of his work that they failed to pick up on?

A)his linkage of economic and political aspects of city life with its community aspects
B)his emphasis on the multidimensionality of city life
C)his emphasis on the role of the city as an instrument of historical change, through its encouragement of social individuality and innovation
D)all of the above

Question 23

Simmel's essay "Metropolis and Mental Life" has been important in the development of the…

A)social psychology of city life.
B)political economy of city life.
C)ecology of city life.
D)religious aspects of city life.

Question 24

Simmel argued that the intensity of nervous stimuli in the city and the pervasiveness of the economic market produced an urban consciousness characterized by…

A)intellectuality.
B)religious fervor.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)a sense of community.

Question 25

For Simmel, the size, density, and complexity of urban life meant that an individual in the city would…

A)turn to religion in a search for solace.
B)focus on cities as sources of psychological support.
C)come into contact with vast numbers of people.
D)become anti-urban.

Question 26

Although the technological innovations that accompanied the Industrial Revolution were important, it was the social, cultural, political, and economic changes accompanying industrialization that were most crucial in rapid urbanization.

Question 27

One result of the social changes that accompanied industrialization and urbanization was that the power of fathers in families increased.

Question 28

In order to be useful, an ideal type must conform to reality.

Question 29

According to Durkheim, the source of societal cohesion and unity in mechanical solidarity is increasing specialization and an increasingly complex division of labor.

Question 30

Rather than developing a typology of urban-industrial transformation, Weber tried to outline the basic characteristics of urban communities.

Question 31

Give a brief overview of the growth of cities up to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 32

Who developed the concept of the "shock city" and what does it mean?

Question 33

In his work on Manchester, what factors did Friedrich Engels emphasize?

Question 34

Explain and discuss Tocquevilles's observation that, "From this filthy sewer pure gold flows." Does this reflect the dominant feeling of that day?

Question 35

What is an ideal type?

Question 36

In "Metropolis and Mental Life," Simmel argued that urban life produced a unique form of consciousness because of two predominant conditions under which urban dwellers lived.What are the two conditions?

Question 37

Explain why Manchester was viewed as a "shock city" and provide an overview of the most important aspects of Engel's analysis of the city.

Question 38

European social scientists such as Tönnies and Durkheim developed binary sets of ideal types to analyze what they saw as the key changes in personal, family, and work relationships and community involvements that occurred due to industrialization and urbanization.Explain these two sets of ideal types showing how they are similar and identify any differences in them.

Question 39

Explain and discuss the phrase, "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned."