Deck 2: The Emergence of Cities

Question 1

In chapter 2, "The Emergence of Cities," in addition to examining why, where, and when cities emerged, Hutter is most interested in…

A)why there has been an anti-urban bias in the United States.
B)Sumerian cities.
C)the nature of rural life.
D)the effects that cities have on their inhabitants.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the debate over the emergence of modern humans and modern behavior, one side argues that modern behavior evolved gradually while the other side argues that…

A)modern behavior emerged early in the nineteenth century.
B)there was a sudden creative emergence of modern behavior about 45,000 years ago.
C)modern human beings evolved in North America.
D)there is no way to tell when modern human beings emerged.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The significance of jewelry in the debate over the emergence of modern human behavior is that jewelry…

A)is valuable, so no one would leave it laying around.
B)indicates the development of a full-fledged urban civilization.
C)indicates anatomical modernity.
D)signifies the presence of symbolic thinking.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Both sides of the argument over human origins now agree that modern humans had developed by…

A)30,000 years ago.
B)35,000 years ago.
C)45,000 years ago.
D)70,000 years ago.

Question 5

In trying to understand the origins and development of cities, our conclusions must remain tentative and open to revision.Which of the following is the major reason for this?

A)We have to guess because there is no evidence at all to go on.
B)We would need jewelry from every early urban site to reach any valid conclusions.
C)Symbolic interactionism is not well suited to answering these types of questions.
D)Written records date from long after cities appeared and archaeological evidence is fragmentary and limited.

Question 6

For the birth of urban settlements, there had to be a sufficient surplus of food and…

A)people must have been convinced that urban living gave them advantages.
B)a form of social organization to guarantee that the food surplus would be distributed to those who needed it.
C)industrial cities must have become cleaner places to live.
D)there had to be no wars between cities.

Question 7

The Agricultural Revolution transformed the economy into one that could produce a food surplus that allowed for permanent settlements.The key factor in enabling those permanent settlements to develop was the…

A)emergence of jewelry as a mode of adornment.
B)development of warfare.
C)emergence of modern humans.
D)development of a more complex form of social organization.

Question 8

V.Gordon Childe argued that the "urban revolution" represented the development of new institutions, which could do all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)secure the food surplus
B)bless the food surplus
C)store the food surplus
D)distribute the food surplus

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of the "ecological complex," also known by the acronym POET?

A)population
B)organization
C)environment
D)poverty
E)technology

Question 10

If you were concerned with the social structure that enables the population to function in a particular social environment, you would be focusing on which of the following aspects of the "ecological complex"?

A)population (P)
B)organization (O)
C)environment (E)
D)technology (T)

Question 11

The most influential Sumerian city was…

A)Jericho.
B)Uruk.
C)Catal Huyuk.
D)Mashkan-shapir.

Question 12

Catal Huyuk is estimated to be at least ________ years old.

A)4,000
B)8,500
C)10,000
D)45,000

Question 13

The Epic of Gilgamesh is about a king of the following city:

A)Sumer
B)Gilgamesh
C)Uruk
D)Jericho

Question 14

Of the following, who discovered Catal Huyuk?

A)Jane Jacobs
B)James Mellaart
C)A.Leo Oppenheim
D)V.Gordon Childe

Question 15

Although most urban scholars think that the production of an agricultural surplus was the key factor in the development of cities, Jane Jacobs theorized that the key factor might be…

A)warfare.
B)POET.
C)religion.
D)politics.
E)trade.

Question 16

According to Hutter, why will the controversy about the origin of Catul Hayuk never truly be solved?

A)political differences
B)lack of technology
C)lack of resources
D)fragmentary evidence
E)none of the above

Question 17

What was Gobekli Tepe believe to be used for according to many archaeologists?

A)trade
B)agriculture
C)rituals
D)justice

Question 18

Lewis Mumford's statement that "the city of the dead antedates the city of the living" reflected his view that…

A)early humans' fear of abandoned cities led them to move back into cities.
B)early humans created their first cities in cemeteries.
C)early humans' fear of the unknown and death may have led them to gather together and, thus, led to the origin of cities.
D)early humans felt that an agricultural surplus was not essential for the origin of cities.

Question 19

According to Hutter, Mumford may overstate the importance of religion for the development of cities, but his ideas do point to the key role of ________ in the appearance of early cities.

A)warfare
B)ecological factors
C)trade
D)social and cultural factors

Question 20

The form of social structure and organization that helped make the origin of cities possible was one in which…

A)religious groups would emphasize the importance of burial grounds.
B)certain social classes would control part of the agricultural surplus.
C)all groups would share equally in the agricultural surplus.
D)the elderly would be the most important people in the group.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the new social organizational forms developed by the early urban elites?

A)differentiated socioeconomic classes on the basis of power, status, and wealth
B)writers and poets who could celebrate the growing importance of urban life
C)military, political, and administrative elites
D)economic networks of tribute, trade, and redistribution

Question 22

Although warfare and conquest were factors leading to the decline of early Middle Eastern cities, a side effect of warfare was…

A)increasing emphasis on religion to comfort the relatives of those killed.
B)a rich tradition of epics and sagas celebrating the heroes of the wars.
C)the cultural diffusion of urban culture.
D)the realization that warfare was an essential element fostering urban growth.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors limiting early urban growth?

A)natural disasters
B)long distance trade
C)social and cultural organizational limitations
D)raids and conquests

Question 24

Both sides in the debate over the emergence of modern human behavior agree that by 45,000 years ago, modern humans essentially similar to us lived on the planet.

Question 25

The lack of archaeological evidence in Africa demonstrates that humans were not as productive there as in Europe.

Question 26

The first cities developed independently in seven different areas of the world.

Question 27

Urban scholars generally agree that because there is no evidence of writing associated with them, Jericho and Catal Huyuk were not really cities.

Question 28

Hutter emphasizes that social and cultural factors were crucial elements in the appearance of early cities.

Question 29

One key to the rise of cities was the rise of urban elites who had power over those who worked the land.

Question 30

Hutter notes that anatomically modern humans are believed to have emerged in Africa about 120,000 years ago, but that the first forms of modern human behavior did not emerge until about 45,000 years ago.According to Hutter, two questions are raised by these facts.What are they?

Question 31

It now appears that the first cities developed independently in seven civilizations.Name five of those civilizations.

Question 32

What two requirements had to be met for the birth of urban settlements to occur, according to most urban scholars?

Question 33

Explain Jane Jacobs's trade theory of the origin of cities.

Question 34

Discuss the questions raised by urban planner A.E.J.Morris regarding Jacob's trade theory?

Question 35

What are two of the effects of warfare and conflict on the growth of cities?

Question 36

Explain the origin of cities, focusing on the kinds of factors that were necessary for cities to develop.Address the controversies involved in understanding the rise of cities.

Question 37

V.Gordon Childe enumerated the ten traits that account for the uniqueness of early cities.Explain these traits and show how they are related to the POET scheme.