Deck 4: Born to Be Bad

Question 1

The idea that crime is 'in the blood', that certain criminal behaviors are inherited, or innate, is the hallmark of the ___________ approach to criminological explanation.

A) classical
B) biological
C) psychological
D) positivist

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Accurate investigation of human features demands both rigorous methods and careful observation. The approach adopted by these pioneers of scientific criminology is called the __________ method.

A) classical
B) biological
C) psychological
D) positivist

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The term ___________, or reversion, is a condition in which characteristics that have previously disappeared in the course of evolution suddenly recur.

A) development
B) adaptation
C) atavism
D) convalescence

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Cesare Lombroso recognized four main classes of criminals. One group, '____________,' commits crime to correct the emotional pain of an injustice.

A) born criminals
B) criminals by passion
C) insane criminals
D) occasional criminals

Question 5

Cesare Lombroso recognized four main classes of criminals. One group, '____________,' could be imbeciles or have affected brains and are unable to distinguish right from wrong.

A) born criminals
B) criminals by passion
C) insane criminals
D) occasional criminals

Question 6

Cesare Lombrose recognized four main classes of criminals. One group, referred to as '___________,' was further broken down into four subtypes; the 'criminaloid,' the 'epileptoid,' the habitual criminal, and the pseudocriminal.

A) born criminals
B) criminals by passion
C) insane criminals
D) occasional criminals

Question 7

Cesare Lombroso recognized four main classes of criminals. One group, referred to as '___________,' was atavistic, responsible for the most serious offenses, and recidivist. This group made up about a third of the criminal population and was considered by Lombroso to be the most dangerous and incorrigible.

A) born criminals
B) criminals by passion
C) insane criminals
D) occasional criminals

Question 8

Cesare Lombroso distinguished between four subtypes of the 'Occasional Criminal.' One subtype, the '____________,' commits crime by accident.

A) criminaloid
B) epileptoid
C) habitual criminal
D) pseudocriminal

Question 9

Cesare Lombroso distinguished between four subtypes of the 'Occasional Criminal.' One subtype, the '____________,' who is of weak nature and easily swayed by others.

A) criminaloid
B) epileptoid
C) habitual criminal
D) pseudocriminal

Question 10

Cesare Lombroso distinguished between four subtypes of the 'Occasional Criminal.' With one subtype, the '____________,' their occupation is crime.

A) criminaloid
B) epileptoid
C) habitual criminal
D) pseudocriminal

Question 11

Cesare Lombroso distinguished between four subtypes of the 'Occasional Criminal.' One subtype, the '____________,' suffers from epilepsy.

A) criminaloid
B) epileptoid
C) habitual criminal
D) pseudocriminal

Question 12

Raffaele Garofalo Presented a principle called '____________' which was based on Darwin's work. He argued that criminals who were unable to adapt to society, and who thereby felt morally free to offend, should be eliminated, consistent with nature's evolutionary process.

A) development
B) adaptation
C) atavism
D) convalescence

Question 13

___________ criminology's basic premise is that the gene is the ultimate unit of life that controls all human destiny.

A) Biosocial
B) Marxist conflict
C) Feminist
D) Postmodern

Question 14

Research shows that children and adults with ADHD are less likely than others to:

A) Succeed in school
B) Form healthy and lasting social and family relationships
C) Find and sustain productive work in order to contribute to their societies
D) All of the above

Question 15

_____________ is an excitatory transmitter that operates by setting into motion a biological process that gives rise to an emotional response that motivates behavior.

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) ADHD
D) Testosterone

Question 16

Studies show that two-thirds of institutionalized young offenders and about one-half of the adult prison population screened positively for ____________.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) ADHD
D) testosterone

Question 17

Higher than normal levels of ____________ in men have been linked to aggression and violence.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) ADHD
D) testosterone

Question 18

____________ in humans or animals inhibits aggression, and having relatively low levels of this substance released by neurotransmitters results in a failure to inhibit violent and impulsive behavior.

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) ADHD
D) Testosterone

Question 19

'____________ theory' argues that some men are sexually aggressive and that they try to dominate as many women as possible and employ deception to achieve sexual conquest of as many women as achievable.

A) Charlatan
B) Cheater
C) Rogue
D) Fraud

Question 20

The policy of biological theory is the medical model, which involves:

A) Identification
B) Prevention
C) Treatment
D) All of the above

Question 21

The term biogovernance refers to using biotechnology to manage potential deviants.

Question 22

Biological explanations of crime have appeared since the sixteenth-century human physiognomy; the study of facial features.

Question 23

The idea that crime is 'in the blood,' that certain criminal behaviors are inherited, or innate, is the hallmark of the psychological approach to criminological explanation.

Question 24

The major emphasis of biological criminology is that humans have unique characteristics, or predispositions, that, under certain conditions, lead some to commit criminal acts.

Question 25

Of central importance to founding biological criminologists was how to study the criminal.

Question 26

Positivism argues that social relations and events can be studied scientifically using methods derived from the natural sciences.

Question 27

Using somatotyping, William Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. Mesomorphs had thin bodies and were fragile, with large brains and developed nervous systems.

Question 28

Lombroso's theory of atavism was founded on Darwinian ideas about humanity's worst dispositions, which were reversions to a savage state.

Question 29

Raffaele Garofalo saw crime as rooted in an organic flaw that results in a failure to develop both altruistic sensibilities and a moral sentiment for others.

Question 30

Using somatotyping, William Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. Ectomorphs were of medium height with round, soft bodies and thick necks.

Question 31

Several studies indicate that some relationship exists between biological parents' behavior and the behavior of their children, even when their contact has been nonexistent.

Question 32

Biosocial criminology's basic premise is that the gene is the ultimate unit of life that controls all human destiny.

Question 33

Higher than normal levels of testosterone in men have not been linked to aggression and violence.

Question 34

Researchers have compared and contrasted identical and fraternal twins and claim to find that there are greater similarities in criminal convictions between identical (MZ) twins than between fraternal (DZ) twins.

Question 35

Research revealed that incarcerated inmates with an extra Y chromosome were more likely to be serving a sentence for a violent crime.

Question 36

Although sociobiologists believe that environment and experience also have an impact on behavior, their main assertion is that most actions are controlled by a person's 'biological machine'.

Question 37

Sensation-seeking and arousal theory states that, as a result of low levels of dopamine, and dopamine-like neurotransmitters called endorphins, some people have lower-than-average emotional arousal under normal environmental conditions.

Question 38

'Cheater theory' argues that some men are sexually aggressive, that they try dominate as many women as possible, and attempt to employ deception to achieve sexual conquest of as many women as possible.

Question 39

The idea that crime is 'in the blood,' that certain criminal behaviors are inherited, or innate, is the hallmark of the ___________ approach to criminological explanation.

Question 40

The term ___________, or reversion, is a condition in which characteristics that have previously disappeared in the course of evolution suddenly recur.

Question 41

Accurate investigation of human features demands both rigorous methods and careful observation. The approach adopted by these pioneers of scientific criminology is called the __________ method.

Question 42

Using somatotyping to classify human bodies, William Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. __________ were of medium height with round, soft bodies and thick necks.

Question 43

Using somatotyping to classify human bodies, William Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. ___________ were muscular, strong-boned people with wide shoulders and a tapering trunk.

Question 44

Using somatotyping to classify human bodies, William Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. ___________ had thin bodies and were fragile, with large brains and developed nervous systems.

Question 45

__________ criminology's basic premise is that the gene is the ultimate unit of life that controls all human destiny.

Question 46

In the 1960s, a chromosomal theory of crime attributed violent male criminality to an extra Y chromosome. This extra chromosome created what was termed a '____________,' one who was excessively violent.

Question 47

____________ are a group of molecules that are responsible for carrying messages to cells throughout the body.

Question 48

Contemporary biological theorists prefer the concept of '____________ free will', which considers that various factors restrict and channel an individual's decision to act, and each collaborates internally and externally to produce a final action.

Question 49

___________ in humans or animals inhibits aggression, and having relatively low levels of this substance released by neurotransmitters results in a failure to inhibit violent and impulsive behavior.

Question 50

___________ is an excitatory transmitter that operates by setting into motion a biological process that gives rise to an emotional response that motivates behavior.

Question 51

What is the major emphasis of the applied science of biological criminology?

Question 52

Since criminals were less developed, Cesare Lombroso believed they could be identified by physical stigmata, or visible physical abnormalities, which he called 'atavistic features.' What are some of these features? Please list and describe at least three.

Question 53

Cesare Lombroso recognized four main classes of criminals. Please list and describe each of these classes.

Question 54

In the mid-1940s, physician William Sheldon and his colleagues sought to explain the relationship between the shape of the human body and temperament. Using 'somatotyping' (classifying human bodies), Sheldon observed three distinct human body types. Please list and describe these three body types. For what types of crimes are each of these body types responsible?

Question 55

Contemporary biological theorists do not abandon the notion of free will, as their predecessors did. Instead, they prefer the concept of conditional free will. What does this mean and what does it involve?