Deck 10: Capitalism As a Criminogenic Society

Question 1

Radical and conflict theorists are centrally concerned with ________________.

A) social inequity
B) class differences
C) the power used by the ruling class to define what counts as crime and what does not
D) All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to ____________, throughout history the relations of production have been class relations, and the history of existing society is a history of class conflict.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Georg Simmel
D) George Vold

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Conflict, according to __________, is most likely to occur when these three major kinds of stratification coincide-when those who have wealth also have status and power.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Georg Simmel
D) George Vold

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Conflict, to ____________, was one of several patterns of reciprocal relations, along with competition and cooperation, that underpin complex social behavior. For him, conflict and competition are often interwoven in subtle and complex ways with processes of cooperation and social integration.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Georg Simmel
D) George Vold

Question 5

____________ pointed out that humans are group-involved beings and that society is a continuity of group interaction of moves and countermoves, of checks and cross-checks.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Georg Simmel
D) George Vold

Question 6

As well as conflict over ____________ issues, conflict and radical theorists are also very interested in crimes involving economic power.

A) race
B) ethnicity
C) gender
D) All of the above

Question 7

The providers of labor, whom Marx called the ___________, sell their labor to the capitalists, who prosper through paying the laborers less than the value of their work and keep the difference as profit.

A) proletariat
B) bourgeoisie
C) masses
D) aristocracy

Question 8

Both conflict and radical views share a ___________ perspective.

A) microlevel
B) mesolevel
C) macrolevel
D) systemic

Question 9

Max Weber identified the following important dimension(s) of inequality:

A) Power, represented by party
B) Wealth, which relates to economic position, represented by class
C) Prestige, which is attached to those in high-status groups
D) All of the above

Question 10

Dahrendorf 's ___________ states that those who acquire power coerce groups without power to conform. This creates two basic types of social groups, each contesting authority: The rulers and the ruled, the former trying to preserve their power, the latter trying to redistribute it.

A) Group Conflict Theory
B) Dialectical Conflict Perspective
C) social reality of crime
D) Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates

Question 11

Vold's ____________states that groups come into conflict because of overlapping interests and encroachments over territory that lead to competition; group members must then protect against the danger of being taken over or replaced.

A) Group Conflict Theory
B) Dialectical Conflict Perspective
C) social reality of crime
D) Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates

Question 12

According to Richard Quinney, the ___________ in a politically organized society is a political act designed to protect and perpetuate a particular set of interests over others.

A) Group Conflict Theory
B) Dialectical Conflict Perspective
C) social reality of crime
D) Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates

Question 13

According to Austin Turk's ___________, people in subordinate positions of authority are subject to the values, standards, and laws of those in authority positions.

A) Group Conflict Theory
B) Dialectical Conflict Perspective
C) social reality of crime
D) Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates

Question 14

Austin Turk attempted to show how people in subordinate positions of authority are subject to the ____________ of those in authority positions.

A) values
B) standards
C) laws
D) All of the above

Question 15

Georg Simmel believed that ___________ differences are natural, and he believed they are exacerbated by differences of interest but could also be placated by harmonious relations.

A) biological
B) societal
C) systemic
D) institutional

Question 16

Austin Turk identified the condition(s) that make conflict between authorities and subjects over different norms and values more likely:

A) When cultural values and social actions of authorities are in close agreement and a similar congruence exists in the case of subjects
B) When authorities and subjects are organized
C) When authorities or subjects are less sophisticated
D) All of the above

Question 17

Racial profiling is the use of racial or ethnic stereotypes in the decision to take a law-enforcement action, and even can include cases where race is one of the factors in that decision process.

Question 18

Conflict and radical theorists suggest that crime is not simply an individual but also a societal phenomenon.

Question 19

Conflict theorists believe that the fundamental conflict is economic. This conflict is between capitalists, or propertied classes (the bourgeois), who own the 'means of production,' and wage earners, or non-propertied classes, who own only their labor, which they sell to make a living.

Question 20

Radical criminologists see inequality based on differences in wealth, status, ideas, religious beliefs, and so forth. These differences result in the formation of interest groups that struggle with each other for power.

Question 21

According to Karl Marx, class conflict is based on the inequality in the ownership of wealth whereby those capitalists who own the means of production exploit workers who merely own their labor, which they must sell to capitalists for a wage in order to make a living.

Question 22

Conflict and radical theorists do not share the view that humans are active, creative agents who invest their energy to build the social structure.

Question 23

Conflict and radical perspectives share a concern with the possession of power and closely examine law creation as well as how laws are interpreted and enforced.

Question 24

Conflict and radical theorists look to structural causes of crime in the conflict within society; most crime is seen as the result of large forces and not individual pathologies.

Question 25

Radical theorists believe that human nature is amoral, rather than good or bad.

Question 26

Conflict theorists believe that people are born with a perfectible nature, but forces serve to shape them in imperfect, deviant, and criminal ways.

Question 27

Conflict theorists argue that groups who have power over others typically define which behaviors are criminal and which are not. Thus, laws reflect the values and interest of the dominant group(s).

Question 28

Radical criminologists define crime much more broadly than do legal definitions to include all acts that create harm, including those that violate human rights.

Question 29

According to Austin Turk, most people, learn norms of dominance, meaning that they see themselves as inferior, destined to obey others, and subject to their authority.

Question 30

According to Austin Turk, people who learn norms of deference believe they are superior to others and destined to command them.

Question 31

Austin Turk suggested that over time the authority-subject relationship becomes less coercive and more automatic, as new generations of people are born into the existing set of laws, rules, and definitions of reality, which they are less likely to contest.

Question 32

For Austin Turk, crimes are the acts of those who have not been conditioned to accept as a fact of life that authorities must be reckoned with, and it is such conditioning that underlies social order in all societies.

Question 33

Richard Quinney saw humans as rational, purposeful actors subject to an unequal distribution of power that produces inevitable conflict.

Question 34

The major contribution of conflict and radical theories is to force criminologists to look beyond simple individual behaviors to the deeper causes of crime contained in the social structure of society-particularly capitalist society.

Question 35

Conflict and radical theorists argue that law, crime, and law enforcement are often political acts rooted in the conflict between groups or classes in society and see the source of crime in the conflict that stems from the inequalities produced by ___________ society.

Question 36

__________ theorists see inequality based on differences in wealth, status, ideas, religious beliefs, and so forth. These differences result in the formation of interest groups that struggle with each other for power.

Question 37

___________ theorists argue that the conflict over economic inequality is the root of all conflict.

Question 38

The providers of labor, whom Marx called the ___________, sell their labor to the capitalists, who prosper through paying the laborers less than the value of their work and keep the difference as profit.

Question 39

Conflict theorists see ___________ as a social-control mechanism, a resource and weapon in the struggle for power intended to help those who capture it to maintain or increase that power.

Question 40

Austin Turk stated that unless subordinates learn to be deferential to authority, their behaviors will be defined as __________ and they will be given the status of criminals.

Question 41

According to Austin Turk, most people learn norms of ____________, meaning that they see themselves as inferior, destined to obey others, and subject to their authority.

Question 42

According to Austin Turk, people who learn norms of ___________ believe they are superior to others and destined to command them.

Question 43

According to radical theorists, it is necessary to change the system of capitalist production to another that does not reproduce the conditions that generate crime; this involves ___________.

Question 44

According to Richard Quinney, definitions of crime are not merely legislated but become part of the public psyche and popular culture as a result of their dissemination through the mass media. In other words, some rather than other meanings of a crime have '__________' because they are defined, illustrated, elaborated, and sensationalized in the media.

Question 45

According to Marx, alienation refers to the way the capitalist system of production separates and isolates humans from their work, from its products, from themselves, and from each other. From what does it estrange them?

Question 46

What are the central ideas of Contemporary Radical Criminology? Please list and describe each.

Question 47

According to Austin Turk, learning is never complete or stabilized but is in constant adjustment and conflict because of individual differences. He defined the norms learned in this process as norms of domination and norms of deference. What is the difference between these two types of norms?

Question 48

What is Richard Quinney's social reality of crime?

Question 49

What are the main similarities between conflict theory and radical criminology? What are the main differences between them?