Deck 16: Cognitive-Behavioral Theories Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus

Question 1

In Ellis's theory,cognitions,emotions,and behavior

A) are entirely distinct and separate.
B) are consistently interactional and transactional.
C) have little effect on one another.
D) are usually rational, appropriate, and constructive.

Answer 1

 B

Question 2

The goal of Ellis's REBT is to

A) understand the causes of pathological behavior.
B) remove the symptoms of pathological behavior.
C) free individuals to develop their own constructive belief systems.
D) help individuals to live according to social and cultural norms.

Answer 2

 C

Question 3

In the later stages of his career,Ellis turned his attention toward applying his REBT techniques to

A) gender issues.
B) the supernatural.
C) political campaigns.
D) the challenges of disability.

Answer 3

 D

Question 4

Ellis associates emotional disturbance with

A) a compulsion to fulfill one's potential.
B) a lack of social interest.
C) caring too much about what others think.
D) seeing oneself as better than everyone else.

Question 5

Which of the following would be characterized as an irrational belief?

A) I failed an exam, so I'm stupid.
B) I failed an exam, so I might fail the course.
C) I failed an exam, so others may have failed, too.
D) I failed an exam, so I should have studied harder.

Question 6

A modern precursor of Ellis's rational emotive therapy was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Alfred Adler.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 7

One characteristic of Beck's concept of schemas is that they

A) develop late in life.
B) shape the personality.
C) are always maladaptive.
D) are less stable than cognitions.

Question 8

Max is very fearful of airplanes.If he does fly,he feels overwhelming anxiety when he approaches the gate at the airport.With his therapist,Max is focusing on the D component of Ellis's A-B-C theory.Which of the following best exemplifies the type of work Max and his therapist might do while working on the D component?

A) Identifying more specifically the trigger for Max's anxiety
B) Discovering the event(s) in Max's personal history that may have contributed to his fear of airplanes
C) Challenging Max's beliefs about the dangers of airplanes
D) Designing exposures to the emotional consequence to make Max more accustomed to high levels of anxiety

Question 9

Overgeneralization,dichotomous thinking,and personalization are

A) categories in the Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) examples of cognitive distortions.

Question 10

Before taking on the job of a zoo guide,Miranda goes to see an REBT therapist to address a snake phobia.The therapist suggests using an implosive technique,which is most likely to involve

A) actually going into a cage filled with harmless snakes at the zoo.
B) hypnosis.
C) discussions about childhood experiences or traumas that may have contributed to the snake phobia.
D) a role-playing exercise in which the therapist voices the scary thoughts and Miranda talks back to them.

Question 11

_____________ is a therapeutic process whereby anxieties and fears are reduced by pairing relaxation with gradual exposure to the thing or situation that causes the anxiety.

A) Role-play therapy
B) Rational emotive cognitive therapy
C) Desensitization
D) A-B-C therapy

Question 12

Cognitive schemas are an essential component of the personality theory of

A) Ellis.
B) Beck.
C) Rogers.
D) Freud.

Question 13

Dr.Gupta is a clinical psychologist who practices rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT).Dr.Gupta's approach to treatment is most likely to be influenced by

A) Skinner.
B) Rogers.
C) Adler.
D) Ellis.

Question 14

What do the theories of Ellis,Beck,and Lazarus have in common?

A) They all emphasize practical advantages over theoretical orientations.
B) They all have a clearly articulated philosophy underlying them.
C) They are more pessimistic than optimistic in nature.
D) They all explain present behavior in terms of events in a person's childhood.

Question 15

Max is very fearful of airplanes.If he does fly,he feels overwhelming anxiety when he approaches the gate at the airport.Within Ellis's A-B-C theory of personality,Max's overwhelming anxiety represents

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 16

The A-B-C theory of personality suggests that emotional consequences are largely created by

A) a significant precipitating event.
B) biological predispositions.
C) one's beliefs.
D) unconscious conflict between aggressive and inhibitory impulses.

Question 17

Dr.Reiss is a clinical psychologist who endorses Ellis's A-B-C model of personality.Dr.Reiss probably believes that her clients suffer from psychological problems because their beliefs about themselves and the events in their lives are

A) too easily influenced by those around them.
B) based exclusively on early childhood experiences.
C) too complicated.
D) too dogmatic and absolute.

Question 18

Max is very fearful of airplanes.If he does fly,he feels overwhelming anxiety when he approaches the gate at the airport.Within Ellis's A-B-C theory of personality,the behavior of approaching the gate at the airport represents

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 19

Characteristically,an REBT therapist would be

A) an empathetic listener.
B) indirect.
C) subtle.
D) highly active.

Question 20

Unlike controlled thoughts,automatic thoughts are

A) conscious.
B) easily regulated.
C) intentional.
D) involuntary.

Question 21

Rebecca does not trust babysitters.She bases this distrust on an isolated news report about a babysitter who mistreated several children many years ago.After hearing this news report,she concluded that "that's what babysitters do" and since that time has not hired a babysitter to care for her child.Rebecca's thinking exemplifies which of the cognitive distortions?

A) Personalization
B) Dichotomous thinking
C) Minimization
D) Overgeneralization

Question 22

Aaron Beck developed what is considered the finest psychometric instrument for use in assessing

A) conversion disorders.
B) depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorders.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 23

A therapist who is using the technique of decatastrophizing might ask which of the following questions?

A) Can you get in touch with that sad feeling?
B) What's the worst thing that can possibly happen?
C) Who's the most successful person you ever met?
D) Why do you feel that you have to do everything perfectly?

Question 24

Coming back to his apartment building one evening,Pete saw that firefighters were rushing in to put out a fire.Even though there were seventy-four other apartments in the building,he immediately assumed that the fire must have started in his apartment through his negligence.Pete's thinking is characterized by which cognitive distortion?

A) Dichotomous thinking
B) Magnification
C) Overgeneralization
D) Personalization

Question 25

Although Mallory has won a full scholarship to a prestigious art school,various art awards,and the admiration of everyone who has seen her artwork,she has decided not to study art because she has convinced herself that she is just not good enough to compete with "really talented" people.Mallory's thinking best exemplifies which cognitive distortion?

A) Minimization
B) Overgeneralization
C) Personalization
D) Selective abstraction

Question 26

Dr.Wong is a clinical psychologist who uses a cognitive approach to therapy.Which of the following clients would be the most ideal match for Dr.Wong's methods?

A) A client seeking therapy for personal growth
B) A client whose issues are vaguely defined
C) A client who intends to focus on how her early childhood experiences influence her current psychological problems
D) A client willing to allow the therapist to direct the sessions and to define psychological issues as problems to be solved

Question 27

Lazarus's set of clinical strategies has come to be known as

A) rational emotive therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) cognitive psychoanalysis.
D) multimodal therapy.

Question 28

Beck believes that change can occur only if the client experiences

A) catharsis.
B) affective arousal.
C) insight.
D) medication.

Question 29

According to Beck,the depressed individual has a negative view of him- or herself,the world,and the future.These three perceptions are known as the

A) sociotropic triad.
B) negative triad.
C) cognitive triad.
D) musturbatory triad.

Question 30

___________________ used cognitive principles to develop techniques such as Stress Inoculation Training and self talk.

A) Donald Meichenbaum
B) Arnold Lazarus
C) Alfred Adler
D) Carl Rogers

Question 31

The ________ dimension is characterized by dependence on interpersonal relationships and needs for closeness and nurturing,whereas the ________ dimension is characterized by independence and is organized around goal-setting,self-determination,and self-imposed obligations.

A) trustabatory; musturbatory
B) mustabatory; trustabatory
C) autonomous; sociotropic
D) sociotropic; autonomous

Question 32

Cognitive therapy can be characterized as

A) a vehicle for personal growth.
B) future-centered.
C) nondirective.
D) problem-oriented.

Question 33

Cognitive therapy is showing significant promise in appears to be effective

A) Cognitive therapy is showing significant promise in patients for whom medication is insufficient.
B) Cognitive therapy has not been shown to be effective in anxiety or depressive disorders.
C) Cognitive therapy has not been linked with biological or neurochemical correlates as of yet
D) Cognitive therapy is useful for face-to-face interventions, but considered too risky for e-mental health programs of self-management.

Question 34

The Personality Belief Questionnaire

A) was developed by Ellis.
B) is a self-report measure to assess dysfunctional beliefs.
C) will become obsolete with the publication of the new DSM-5.
D) can be used to assess suicidal tendencies only.

Question 35

When he hears the radio announcer say,"Traffic is all jammed up on Route 30," Tal visualizes the scene.The BASIC-ID modality that he favors is

A) affect.
B) cognition.
C) imagery.
D) sensation.

Question 36

Drawing a conclusion without supporting evidence,even in the face of contradictory evidence,is an example of

A) arbitrary inference.
B) minimization.
C) personalization.
D) selective abstraction.

Question 37

The D in Lazarus's BASIC-ID has come to stand for

A) all aspects of physical well-being.
B) intuition, ideology, concepts, and judgments.
C) our entire emotional repertoire.
D) the entire realm of the senses.

Question 38

The ultimate goal of ___________ is to deactivate the more automatic modes of thinking and strengthen the more constructive and reflective modes of thinking.

A) person-centered therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) desensitization
D) implosion

Question 39

Melissa has a tendency to categorize everything that happens to her as being either terrible or wonderful,with nothing in between.Melissa engages in which cognitive distortion?

A) Dichotomous thinking
B) Minimization
C) Personalization
D) Selective abstraction

Question 40

Compared to Ellis's form of therapy,Beck's therapy is

A) gentler.
B) less effective.
C) more active.
D) more directive.

Question 41

Steven Hayes has developed Acceptance and Commitment Therapy,which is most closely related to

A) psychoanalysis.
B) group psychotherapy.
C) Adlerian psychotherapy.
D) mindfulness.

Question 42

Explain the theory behind Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy.

Question 43

Bridging is a multimodal technique that involves

A) initially working in terms of a client's preferred modality.
B) paying attention to the "firing order" of the different modalities.
C) making a specific list of problems and proposed treatments across a client's BASIC-ID.
D) assessing the relative involvement of each of the elements of the BASIC-ID.

Question 44

Multimodal therapy was built on the theoretical base of

A) existentialism.
B) humanism.
C) object relations theory.
D) social learning theory.

Question 45

Describe cognitive therapy.

Question 46

Explain the goal of rational emotive behavior therapy and tell how it is achieved.

Question 47

Describe the cognitive triad.

Question 48

Discuss the philosophical origins of Beck's cognitive theory.

Question 49

Discuss the philosophical origins of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy.

Question 50

Discuss the dimensions of sociotropy and autonomy.

Question 51

Discuss assessment and research in Beck's theory.

Question 52

Discuss the A-B-C theory of personality and describe how people develop irrational and mustabatory belief systems.

Question 53

The main contribution of the theories of Ellis,Beck,and Lazarus has been in the area of

A) psychotherapy.
B) philosophy.
C) sociology.
D) science.

Question 54

Multimodal therapy methods are considered to be performance-based due to which of the following assumptions?

A) Everyone can benefit from the same advice.
B) One can progress forward in therapy only by acknowledging one's past.
C) The role you play is the one you come to believe in.
D) Without new experiences, there can be no change.

Question 55

Explain what is meant by schemas,automatic thoughts,and cognitive distortions.

Question 56

Lazarus advocates using technical eclecticism.What does that imply?

A) Applying his knowledge to improve other theorists' techniques
B) Creating an effective treatment by borrowing techniques from various theories, despite not agreeing with the theories in full
C) Employing the latest technological innovations in therapy
D) Adhering to one theoretical approach to psychotherapy with all clients

Question 57

Dr.Booker is a clinical psychologist who sees a client named Thomas.She notices that Thomas identifies with his thoughts; that is,when he thinks a stupid thought,he concludes that he is a stupid person.She makes efforts to help Thomas notice his thoughts without becoming enmeshed in them or judging them.Which of the following approaches best describes Dr.Booker's efforts?

A) Mindfulness
B) Behavioral
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Humanistic

Question 58

Discuss the theory of personality behind cognitive therapy.

Question 59

Discuss the development of Lazarus's theory and the BASIC-ID.

Question 60

Explain how,according to Ellis,people develop their own personal belief systems.

Question 61

Describe the personality theory behind multimodal therapy.

Question 62

What does depression have to do with irrational thoughts? If you had a friend with depressive symptoms,how helpful do you think a cognitive or cognitive-behavioral therapist could be?

Question 63

How does the cognitive construct of automatic thoughts compare to the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious?

Question 64

Discuss mindfulness and its relationship to cognitive-behavioral theories.

Question 65

Describe multimodal therapy.

Question 66

How are the thought processes involved in cognitive distortions similar to the kind of thinking that leads to conflicts between nations?

Question 67

Evaluate cognitive-behavioral therapies and theories in terms of their function as philosophy,science,and art.

Question 68

What is the "Third Wave" of behaviorism?

Question 69

To what extent do you believe that increased mindfulness should be a goal of psychotherapy? For which psychological problems would that goal be most appropriate?

Question 70

According to Beck's theory,the presence of the cognitive triad predisposes an individual toward depression.In your opinion,why is this triad present in the thought processes of some individuals but absent from the thought processes of others?