Deck 9: The Pharmacology of Scheduled Psychoactive Drugs: Psychostimulants, Psychedelics, and Marijuana

Question 1

Since 1999, there has been a very slight decline in all illicit drug use with the exception of

A) alcohol.
B) prescription pain medication.
C) cocaine.
D) tobacco.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which is the following is NOT classified as a Schedule II drug?

A) Methamphetamine
B) Cocaine
C) Codeine
D) Heroin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cocaine was named by ________ after carefully describing its extraction and purification process.

A) Albert Hofmann
B) William Devane
C) Albert Niemann
D) Friedrich Gaedcke

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Harrison Narcotic Tax Act misclassified cocaine as a(n)

A) stimulant
B) hallucinogen
C) narcotic
D) opiate

Question 5

After the passage of the Harrison Narcotic Tax Act in 1914,

A) cocaine was banned completely.
B) the import of cocaine from South America dropped dramatically.
C) the usage of cocaine by youths in the US dropped by over 35 percent.
D) cocaine was available only to licensed practitioners.

Question 6

Crack cocaine is synthesized from cocaine hydrochloride and

A) baking soda.
B) hydrochloric acid.
C) benzoylecgonine.
D) sulphuric acid.

Question 7

The principle metabolites of cocaine are ________ and ________.

A) ethyldehyde; cocaethylene
B) benzoylecgonine; cocaethylene
C) benzoylecgonine; ecgonine
D) cocaethylene; cocaacetate

Question 8

When cocaine is used with alcohol, ________ is formed.

A) benzoylecgonine
B) cocaethylene
C) ethylcocalene
D) ecgonine

Question 9

The subjective euphoric effects of cocaine are directly related to its

A) dose.
B) degree of DAT binding.
C) rate of metabolism.
D) blood level.

Question 10

Doses that typically induce euphoria in cocaine users occupy between ________ and ________ percent of DATs.

A) 40; 50
B) 25; 35
C) 50; 75
D) 60; 80

Question 11

Cocaine acts by blocking the reuptake transporters for ________ on the presynaptic terminal.

A) norepinephrine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) All of the above are correct

Question 12

The observation that DAT knockout mice retain cocaine's reinforcing effects suggests that cocaine

A) can also increase norepinephrine activity.
B) increases serotonin activity in the ventral tegmental area.
C) works differently on different species.
D) that dopamine is not necessary for reinforcing effects of drugs.

Question 13

Cocaine's effects on serotonin neurons, which regulate dopamine activity, occurs in the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) frontal cortex.
D) ventral tegmental area.

Question 14

Cocaine's ability to ________ makes it ideal to use as an anesthetic for surgery.

A) block pain signals in the brainstem
B) dull pain
C) constrict local blood flow
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 15

Cocaine's anesthetic effects are produced by

A) blocking dopamine reuptake.
B) reversing the dopamine transporter.
C) blocking sodium influx during an action potential.
D) agonizing dopamine in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 16

Cocaine use is associated with

A) myocardial infarction.
B) cardiac arrhythmia.
C) occasional sudden death.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 17

Cocaine's anesthetic effects are mediated by ________ channel blockade.

A) K⁺
B) Cl⁻
C) Ca⁺⁺
D) Na⁺

Question 18

The chemical structure of amphetamines most closely resembles that of

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) dopamine.
D) GABA.

Question 19

Dexedrine was introduced in the early 1940s to treat

A) attention disorders.
B) narcolepsy.
C) obesity.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 20

In the early 1970s, amphetamine production reached its all-time high of over ________ tablets.

A) 10 million
B) 100 million
C) 1 billion
D) 10 billion

Question 21

Methamphetamine differs from amphetamine in that

A) methamphetamine is more fat-soluble.
B) amphetamine is more popular, but too expensive for users.
C) amphetamine is synthetic, and methamphetamine is made from a natural substance.
D) methamphetamine is smokable and amphetamine is not.

Question 22

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for amphetamines?

A) It blocks the reuptake transporters for norepinephrine.
B) It increases the amount of norepinephrine released into the synapse during neuronal firing.
C) It reverses the reuptake transporter for dopamine.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 23

Users of MDMA report that it produces all of the following side effects EXCEPT

A) increased self-perception.
B) sedation.
C) intimacy with others.
D) teeth grinding.

Question 24

MDMA has been demonstrated to ________ in squirrel monkeys.

A) cause hallucinations
B) cause significant damage to cortical serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurons
C) be addictive
D) All of the above are correct

Question 25

MDMA exerts its agonistic effects primarily on ________ neurons.

A) catecholamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) cholinergic

Question 26

MDMA is predominantly a ________ agonist.

A) nonrepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 27

Synesthesia, often caused by LSD use, is described as

A) a loss of sensory transduction.
B) a form of localized anesthesia.
C) the experience of one sensory modality (e.g., hearing) as another (e.g., vision).
D) the blocking out of one sensory modality by overstimulation of another.

Question 28

Which of the following individuals is credited with the discovery of LSD?

A) John Cade
B) Solomon Snyder
C) Albert Hofmann
D) Jonathan Spencer

Question 29

The psychotropic effects of LSD are approximately ________ times more potent than amphetamine or cocaine.

A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000

Question 30

Of all of the psychotropic drugs, only ________ has no confirmed overdose deaths associated with its use.

A) cocaine
B) amphetamine
C) LSD
D) nicotine

Question 31

Psilocybin is derived from a

A) fungus on rye.
B) mushroom.
C) cactus flower.
D) morning glory flower.

Question 32

A recent review of the literature on LSD flashbacks concluded that they

A) are unlikely to be genuine.
B) can persist for years after LSD use.
C) are an uncommon occurrence with no known pathology.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 33

The hallucinogenic effects of LSD are mediated by a(n)

A) increase in 5-HT₂ᴀ activity in the brainstem.
B) decrease in 5-HT activity in the cortex.
C) increase in both NE and DA activity in the mesolimbic system.
D) increase in glutamate activity in the auditory cortex.

Question 34

The hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics appear to be mediated by

A) antagonism of cortical serotonergic neurons.
B) agonism of serotonergic neurons in the somatosensory cortex.
C) activation of the thalamo-cortical pathways.
D) activation of the pontine reticular formation.

Question 35

The origins of marijuana are found in

A) Europe.
B) the Middle East.
C) China.
D) the United States.

Question 36

CB₂ receptors are located primarily

A) on the presynaptic terminals of motor neurons.
B) on the presynaptic terminals of hippocampal neurons.
C) in lymphatic tissues of the immune system.
D) in the basal ganglia.

Question 37

When activated, cannabinoid receptors

A) inhibit cAMP formation and voltage-dependent Ca⁺⁺ channels.
B) agonize a metabotropic second-messenger system.
C) cause an ionotropic chemical transmission.
D) hypopolarize the cell.

Question 38

The endogenous cannabinoid that plays an important role in regulating neural activity that mediates memory formation, pain signaling, and reward is

A) anandamide.
B) 5-AG.
C) CP.
D) cannabis sativa.

Question 39

When compared to marijuana for medicinal purposes, Marinol has been found to

A) be more effective.
B) have a delayed onset.
C) have more intoxicating effects.
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 40

Marijuana is used to treat glaucoma because THC

A) decreases intraoccular pressure.
B) increases blood flow to the retina.
C) regulates pupil dilation.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 41

The use of marijuana

A) irreversibly impairs learning.
B) induces minimal detrimental effects on cognitive functioning.
C) causes brain damage.
D) is proven to facilitate aging and compromised immune functioning.

Question 42

Animals administered high doses of THC exhibit symptoms characteristic of

A) muscular dystrophy.
B) Huntington's disease.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) multiple sclerosis.

Question 43

Recent research on cannabinoids is focusing on how cannabinoids modulate motor neurons, which may be beneficial for patients with

A) glaucoma.
B) Parkinson's disease.
C) multiple sclerosis.
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 44

The antiemetic (antinausea) effects of marijuana are mediated by

A) soothing irritation in the stomach lining.
B) suppressing the gag reflex.
C) decreasing activity in the cortical region regulating the vomiting reflex.
D) directly inhibiting neurons in the area postrema that control vomiting.