Deck 9: Why Cant a Woman Do That Gender Inequalities

Question 1

This is a social category that constructs roles and defines behaviors for men and women.

A) Sexual identity
B) Masculinity/Femininity
C) Gender
D) Sex

Answer 1

C

Question 2

This is defined as the biological difference between males and females. At or before birth, we are each identified with our first label or status on the basis of our reproductive organs and genes.

A) Sexual identity
B) Masculinity/Femininity
C) Gender
D) Sex

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is one difference in the way girls are socialized by their parents compared to boys?

A) Female children are held more tenderly and with greater affection, while male children are often treated more playfully and aggressively.
B) Parents spend more time nurturing and indulging female children compared to boys who are often given more freedom.
C) Boys tend to get more household chores to do than girls.
D) Girls are raised with more pressure to be leaders to overcome adversity while boys are encouraged to play more.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Some stereotypical qualities of masculinity include

A) emotional, gentle, and nurturing.
B) aggression, independence, toughness, and strength.
C) intelligence, common sense, obedience, and strength.
D) brave, tough, rational, sensitive.

Question 5

Qualities stereotypically associated with feminine behavior expectations are

A) emotional, gentle, and nurturing.
B) aggression, independence, toughness, and strength.
C) vulnerable, shy, strength, and emotional.
D) brave, tough, rational, sensitive.

Question 6

As boys and girls are socialized, which inclinations become more pronounced as signs of difference between the two groups?

A) Boys learn to speak earlier and are more adept overall in their verbal skills than girls. Girls tend to develop their mechanical and dexterity skills faster than boys.
B) Girls are more intellectual and interactive. Boys are more physical and expressive.
C) Boys are more intellectual and interactive. Girls are more physical and expressive.
D) Girls learn to speak earlier and are more adept overall in their verbal skills than boys. Boys tend to develop their mechanical and dexterity skills faster than girls.

Question 7

In her 1990 book The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf argues

A) the beauty industry is toxic in presenting unrealistic standards for women to try and attain.
B) men are just as interested in their own physical appearance and attractiveness as women.
C) American culture serves to damage women's self-esteem by teaching them to measure self worth in terms of physical appearance and how attractive they are to men.
D) norms around beauty is a passive distraction to control women and maintain power among men.

Question 8

This dynamic is more prevalent among girls than boys, because girls are socialized to care for others, maintain relationships, and be popular.

A) Being confident and knowing you have others to rely on if you need help.
B) Being the victim of any kind of cyberbullying.
C) "Relational aggression" characterized by negative behaviors like spreading rumors, threatening or withdrawing from friendships, and reacting to power issues within a group.
D) Feeling the support of a friend network and having the ability to be authentic with one's peers.

Question 9

Today, the continuous efforts and campaigns promoting the belief that males and females should be politically, socially, and economically equal are referred to as

A) feminist movements.
B) anti-gender movements.
C) women's suffrage movements.
D) pro-women movements.

Question 10

The first wave of feminism occurred in _____ and focused on women's legal rights.

A) the 1600s
B) the 17^th and early 18^th centuries
C) the 1800s
D) the19^th and early 20^th centuries

Question 11

The second wave of the feminist movement peaked in the _____ and focused on the emergence of a formal identity for women. This wave coincided with other movements, most notably the _____

A) 1840s and 1850s ; Western Expansion Movement.
B) 1920s and 1930s ; Great Depression.
C) 1940s and 1950s ; Anti-WWII Protests.
D) 1960s and 1970s ; Civil Rights Movement.

Question 12

In the 1970s which organization was one of many groups who sought to overturn laws that enforced gender discrimination in matters such as contracts, property rights, employment, and wages?

A) Feminist Movement 3^rd Wave
B) National Organization for Women (NOW)
C) Progressive Women's Leadership
D) World Pulse

Question 13

Two movements related to the fourth wave of the feminist movement include

A) Pro Choice and Pro Life.
B) Equal Pay for Equal Work and Equal Rights movement.
C) Right to Vote and Vietnam Protests.
D) #MeToo movement and the #Time'sUp movement.

Question 14

Which constitutional amendment that would grant women equal protection under the law has been denied by congress going back to 1923?

A) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
B) Equal Rights Act
C) Pregnancy Discrimination Act
D) Fair Labor Standards Act

Question 15

What items discussed in the chapter contribute to children's gender socialization?

A) Toys
B) Food choices
C) Electronic devices
D) Furniture

Question 16

How do parents contribute to gender socialization with assigned chores to children?

A) Girls are typically paid for their chores and boys are not.
B) Boys are typically paid for their chores and girls are not.
C) Girls get the chores that require a willingness to get one's hands dirty while boys are given activities that perpetuate a traditional woman's role in the household.
D) Boys get the chores that require a willingness to get one's hands dirty while girls are given activities that perpetuate a traditional woman's role in the household.

Question 17

Sociological research points out that children tend to be accepted by their peer group when they conform to that group's gender-based behavior. This is particularly true for

A) boys, who strictly police their friend's behavior and frequently experience "relational aggression" due to peer competition and judgement.
B) girls, who strictly police their friend's behavior and frequently experience "relational aggression" due to peer competition and judgement.
C) boys, who put pressure on other boys to engage in masculine activities and to refrain from and show disdain for feminine activities.
D) girls, who put pressure on other girls to engage in feminine activities and to refrain from and show disdain for masculine activities.

Question 18

Why are parents and caretakers often unable to dispel some of the harmful gender stereotypes perpetuated in the media?

A) Because they do not consume the same media as their children.
B) Because many of our ideas about men and women have been reinforced since childhood, making awareness of inconsistencies or inaccuracies difficult to identify for adults.
C) Because the messages are subconscious and often hidden.
D) Because everyone interprets popular culture and media in different ways.

Question 19

What crucial skill is challenging for boys but has critical implications for a student's learning and problem-solving development?

A) Math
B) Art
C) Reading
D) Music

Question 20

What was the goal of 1990s education reform?

A) To try and remove gender stereotypes from students' mindsets.
B) To address and accommodate boys' process of absorbing information.
C) To address girls' lack of confidence and teacher bias favoring boys.
D) To provide equal extracurricular activities for girls and boys.

Question 21

What did Richard Whitmire study in preparation of his book, Why Boys Fail?

A) The learning style of boys compared to girls
B) Grades assigned to boys compared to girls
C) Treatment of children by gender from teachers
D) Math and writing standardized test scores for boys and girls

Question 22

What did Whitmire's study uncover about gender and education?

A) Boys have short attention spans and do not like to listen to authority, so they tend to have a harder time conforming to school rules and norms.
B) Boys and girls have different learning styles and the school environment is more conducive or positive for girls than boys.
C) Teachers require less of male students than female students and focus instead on their social development and physical activities.
D) Boys tend to score dramatically lower on standardized tests than girls, which may have to do with testing bias or a lack of motivation for boys to do well.

Question 23

The wage gap is

A) the difference in what women could earn if they chose more of the professions and jobs that men choose.
B) the difference in what women could earn without taking time off for maternity leave or childcare.
C) the difference between what women initially earned in the workplace compared to present-day earnings.
D) the difference in earnings between men and women.

Question 24

If the earnings ratio continues at its current rate, and, assuming a host of other factors, it will take _____ for wage parity to be reached between men and women.

A) about 5 years
B) about 10 years
C) between 20 and 25 years
D) more than 40 years

Question 25

Sociologists study jobs and examine the amount of training, education, level of responsibility, and working conditions of different positions to determine what pay rates should look like across a wide range of industries and careers, regardless of gender or gender stereotypes. This measure is known as

A) wage gap.
B) second shift.
C) equal pay for equal work.
D) comparable worth.

Question 26

Who typically works the "second shift" of responsibilities in American households?

A) Stay-at-home dads
B) Stay-at-home mothers
C) Working women
D) Working men

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a recent trend in family and career for Americans:

A) Men have matched women in terms of the responsibilities for maintaining the household.
B) Men have increased their childcare.
C) More women both work and have children.
D) More men choose to be stay-at-home dads while wives work.

Question 28

What is one persistent difference in the household tasks performed more by women compared to men?

A) Men do more daily tasks such as cooking and washing dishes.
B) Women do more everyday tasks such as laundry and childcare.
C) Women do more occasional tasks such as landscaping or car maintenance.
D) Men and women split all tasks evenly and/or hire out help to do jobs they cannot complete.

Question 29

Until recently, the US military prohibited women from

A) Marines or Navy service.
B) leadership roles.
C) any service.
D) combat unit service.

Question 30

In 2019, there were 1,021 official complaints filed by military personnel alleging

A) female insubordination.
B) poor peer performance.
C) sexual harassment.
D) inappropriate conduct.

Question 31

How many sexual assaults were reported in a 2020 Department of Defense report and what percent change did this reflect from the year before?

A) 5,524 ; 10% increase
B) 7,825 ; 3% increase
C) 2,555 ; 3% decrease
D) 3,673 ; 10% decrease

Question 32

What percentage of US women are raped in their lifetime?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 40%

Question 33

What percentage of US men are raped in their lifetime?

A) Less than 2%
B) Less than 5%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 34

What race/ethnicity group reports the highest rates of rape victimization among US women (26.9%)?

A) American Indian/Alaska Native
B) African American
C) Hispanic
D) White

Question 35

What race/ethnicity group reports the highest rates of stalking victimization among US women (20%)?

A) American Indian/Alaska Native
B) African American
C) Hispanic
D) White

Question 36

What proportion of American women have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner?

A) About one-fifth
B) About one-quarter
C) About one-third
D) About half

Question 37

Why are women less likely than men to have been convicted of a violent crime?

A) Judges and juries are biased against men accused of violent crimes.
B) Judges and juries have difficulty thinking women as the "weaker sex" are capable of violence.
C) Experts suspect that women are more successful at covering up their violent crimes than men.
D) Women who engage in violence do not typically do so in a premeditated manner, but instead are engaging in a form of self-defense which can be used as justification to prevent conviction.

Question 38

A national survey found that _____ of male adults in state prisons exhibited mental health problems as compared to _____ of women prisoners.

A) 36% ; 62%
B) 62% ; 36%
C) 55% ; 73%
D) 73% ; 55%

Question 39

Who is the original founder of the #metoo movement?

A) Hilary Clinton
B) White actress Alyssa Milano
C) African American activist Tarana Burke
D) Feminist icon Gloria Steinem

Question 40

Sociologist Talcott Parsons described the division of labor in the household as being comprised of two different types of tasks. _____tasks, which often require greater physical strength and are focused on accomplishment, traditionally were taken on _____. In contrast,_____ tasks are focused on nurturing, well-being, and group cohesion and are traditionally assigned to _____

A) Instrumental ; men ; expressive ; women.
B) Expressive ; women ; instrumental ; men.
C) Masculine ; men ; feminine ; women.
D) Patriarchal ; men ; matriarchal; women.

Question 41

What does a Marxist perspective of gender inequality entail?

A) All people should be paid a standard wage with equal access to power in a society where there are no meaningful cultural differences observed by gender.
B) With more women entering the workforce, this perspective would likely argue that certain occupations are more conducive to women's natural inclinations.
C) Considering those who have control of the means of production and the ownership of private property (men) and those whose labor in the household and in the workplace are exploited (women).
D) The different treatment and talents of women, particularly in the area of work, justifies the differences in wages.

Question 42

Which theoretical perspective on gender includes the assertion that women should have control over their own bodies, particularly as this control relates to reproduction?

A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Feminist theory

Question 43

Which aspect of social life is of particular concern for phenomenological feminism?

A) Sexual freedom
B) Female delinquency
C) Workplace inequality
D) Intimate partner violence

Question 44

Which theoretical perspective would explain that in speaking and writing, many people still refer to women in a traditionally male profession with an added descriptor: female doctor, female firefighter?

A) Socialist feminism
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Radical feminism

Question 45

What is the perspective of radical feminism?

A) They posit that the patriarchy should be replaced by a female-dominated power structure where women would hold the dominant social position over men.
B) Radical feminists are especially sensitive to women's oppression and the domination of men over women throughout history. They also contend that eradicating this type of discrimination is exceptionally difficult and requires women to maintain a heightened sensitivity to abuse.
C) Radical feminists envision a society for women that is separate and apart from any men.
D) They argue that the social construction of gender should be completely dismantled and become an arbitrary characteristic that has no meaningful implications in society such as eye color.

Question 46

Which feminist perspective emphasizes the potential for social policy such as affirmative action to address gender inequality?

A) Socialist feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Political feminism
D) Marxist feminism

Question 47

What is the principle of Human Choice in the feminist perspective?

A) The struggle for women's reproductive rights
B) That women's social and economic oppression takes away choice and drives female crime and delinquency.
C) That laws should be passed to prevent individuals of any age from being gendered outside of their preference in any way.
D) The belief that all people, regardless of gender, should feel free to make choices based on the things that matter most to them without being boxed in by gender expectations.

Question 48

Which of the following is a fact that demonstrates that the movement toward gender equality is making progress?

A) The number of women in leadership positions in higher education, the military, and in corporate America continually increases.
B) There are more women than men in US congress and senate as of 2019.
C) Women's wages are nearly equal to those of men, across all industries and occupations.
D) Women and men are equal within households with equal distribution of household work and low incidence of intimate partner violence.

Question 49

What does it mean to consider intersectionality with regard to gender?

A) To acknowledge that reverse discrimination against men also occurs.
B) To examine the interplay between gender and other social forces such as race/ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation.
C) To understand the overlap between natural tendencies derived by sex with the social construction of gender.
D) To incorporate aspects from each of the feminist principles and perspectives in addressing gender inequality.