Deck 4: Forging a New Synthesis: the Pattern of Reforms, 17891849

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT a reform implemented in the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Selim III?

A) the dissolution of the Janissaries
B) the purchase of new European weaponry
C) raised salaries and better living conditions for the Janissaries
D) the creation of a new infantry corps called the nizam-i jedid

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What forces deposed Sultan Selim III in 1806?

A) members of the nizam-i jedid
B) dragomans from the Greek community
C) European representatives in Istanbul
D) members of the ulama, powerful derebeys, and the Janissaries

Answer 2

D

Question 3

With whom did Muhammad Ali (the Ottoman governor of Egypt) fill the ranks of his new army?

A) conquered Sudanese
B) Egyptian peasants
C) European slaves
D) freeborn Muslims

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following was Muhammad Ali's most enduring legacy?

A) The centralization of the bureaucracy
B) The use of the corvée
C) Demilitarization
D) Egyptian nationalism

Question 5

Which of the following was NOT a result of the signing of the Treaty of London?

A) Egypt reduced its armed forces
B) Egypt withdrew from all occupied territories save for Sudan
C) The governorship of Egypt would become a hereditary office held by Muhammad Ali's family
D) Egypt gained complete independence

Question 6

What marked a significant break in the relationship between the Ottoman ruling elite and the Greek elite in Istanbul?

A) The executions of Mamluk leaders.
B) The execution of Muhammad Ali
C) The executions of the patriarch of the Greek Orthodox church and the chief dragoman
D) The execution of Sultan Mahmud II

Question 7

In 1832, Greece was declared an independent state under the protection of __________.

A) Britain
B) Russia
C) France
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 8

How did Mahmud II attempt to limit the power of the ulama?

A) By making the chief religious office a part of the state bureaucracy.
B) By creating the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf revenues
C) Mahmud II bureaucratized the chief religious office and created the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf
D) None of these answers is correct

Question 9

Which of the following benefited from the iltizam taxation system?

A) Members of the ulama
B) Mamluks
C) Individual tax farmers acting as intermediaries between the central Ottoman state and peasants
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of Muhammad Ali?

A) He was native Egyptian
B) It was his goal to transform Egypt into an independent state
C) He brought about the first Arabic-language newspaper, al-Waqai al-Misriyyah in 1828
D) He established the School of Languages in 1835

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the nizam-i jedid (the new order)?

A) A fighting force created by Sultan Selim III's composed of Turkish peasants from Anatolia
B) Muhammad Ali's professional army composed of Egyptian fellahin
C) Sultan Selim III's initiative to create a new class of professional Ottoman diplomats who would be stationed throughout Europe
D) Muhammad Ali's program to create a professional class of bureaucrats drawn exclusively from his Egyptian subjects

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of ways Muhammad Ali went about building an European-style army?

A) He ordered the massacre of leading Mamluks
B) He sent serval training missions to France
C) He invaded Sudan in the hopes of gaining troops
D) All of these are ways that Muhammad Ali used to try and build his army

Question 13

Which of the following most accurately describes waqf?

A) A tax farming system in which tax farmers remit a fixed annual sum to the treasury and retain the surplus they collect
B) A shari'ah approved practice allowing income from designated property to be set aside in perpetuity for charitable purposes
C) A land holding system in which land was shared and rotated by the members of a community to mitigate risk
D) A fixed, per annum income that is collected by the ulama for lands that they lease for agricultural production

Question 14

Which of the following most accurately describes "the French knowers?"

A) The elite that emerged under Sultan Mahmud II who were trained in translation offices, European embassies, and military academies
B) The elite class of bureaucrats who emerged under Muhammad Ali who were fluent in European systems of governance
C) The Europeans who Muhammad Ali brought to Egypt to help train his army in European military tactics
D) The official court translators from Christian Millets, drawn most prominently from the Istanbul Greek community

Question 15

Which of the following is true of Egypt's invasion of Syria?

A) The invasion was in part motivated by Egypt's need to obtain raw materials that were lacking in its own territory
B) It triggered a European response
C) The expedition was led by Ibrahim
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 16

Which of the following most accurately describes the fellahin?

A) Native Egyptian peasants, conscripted by Muhammad Ali in a comparable manner to that of the nizam-i jedid
B) Troops imported from Sudan into Egypt by Muhammad Ali
C) Troops derived from Greek converts to Islam in a renewed system based off of the original devshirme
D) Troops from Muhammad Ali's native Albania

Question 17

Which of the following most accurately describes the iltizam system in Egypt?

A) A tax-farming system in which tax farmers remitted a fixed annual sum to the treasury, retaining whatever surplus they could extort from the peasants under their control
B) A tax system that Muhammad Ali attempted to centralize under his control
C) A practice, approved by shari'ah, that permitted the income from property to be set aside in perpetuity for charitable purposes such as the upkeep of mosques and schools
D)A tax-farming system in which tax farmers remitted a fixed annual sum to the treasury, retaining whatever surplus they could extort from the peasants under their control over which Muhammad Ali consolidated his control

Question 18

Which of the following explains the significance of the Balta Liman Treaty of 1838?

A) Provided for the abolition of all monopolies within Ottoman territory, and granted foreign goods entry at the favorable tariff rate of 3%
B) The Ottomans agreed to this with the adamant persuasion of the British
C) This, along with the Capitulations, facilitated Ottoman territories' economic dependence upon Europe for manufactured goods
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT implemented by Mahmud II?

A) Bribing and later eliminating Janissaries
B) Beginning the process of centralizing religious institutions and finances
C) Founded an official gazette to become the first newspaper published in Ottoman Turkish
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 20

Why were the British so concerned about the alliance between Mahmud II and the Russians, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi?

A) Because it would likely increase Russian influence in Istanbul.
B) Because the Russians would join with Mahmud II to defeat Muhammad Ali, a British ally, in battle
C) Because the Russians would help Mahmud II stymie further nationalist movements in the Balkans
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 21

Sultan Selim III was able to successfully integrate his new infantry corps-the nizam-i jedid-with the existing armed forces during his reign over the Ottoman Empire.

Question 22

Jumel cotton became Egypt's most lucrative cash crop under Muhammad Ali's regime.

Question 23

Muhammad Ali's political objective was to return Egypt to the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 24

Sultan Mahmud II called upon the nizam-i jedid to end the Greek rebellion.

Question 25

Both Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II established officer training schools with European instructors.

Question 26

__________________ is the property or other revenue-yielding source endowed for a religious institution or charity that is exempt from taxation.

Question 27

When Muhammad Ali sent his son Ibrahim to command the Egyptian forces in 1811, it was because __________________ had captured the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Question 28

The central principle of the ideology of __________________ is that peoples speaking the same language and holding shared memories of a common past should form distinct political states.

Question 29

The defeat at __________________ prompted Muhammad Ali to withdraw from Greece.

Question 30

Throughout the Ottoman Empire, court translators were often __________________ because educated, high-ranking Ottoman officials did not believe it was necessary to learn European languages.

Question 31

What was Muhammad Ali's motivation for destroying the Mamluks, and how did he accomplish this?

Question 32

What impact did Muhammad Ali's policy toward waqfs have for the ulama and the state?

Question 33

What understandings did Russia and Britain reach following the Ottoman defeat to Russia in 1829?

Question 34

How did Sultan Mahmud II avoid the fate of Sultan Selim III, who was overthrown by a derebey-ulama-Janissary coalition?

Question 35

What did French uniforms for his army and the fez and frock coat uniform among the bureaucracy represent for Mahmud II?

Question 36

How did Muhammad Ali attempt to build a self-sufficient Egyptian economy that would not be subordinate to that of Europe?

Question 37

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to his overthrow?

Question 38

How did the new ideology of nationalism threaten the Ottoman Empire?

Question 39

Briefly describe how Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt from a subordinate province of the Ottoman Empire into a fledgling state.

Question 40

How did the Greek Revolt (1821-1829) play into European diplomatic rivalries?

Question 41

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to wider implications for the empire?

Question 42

Compare and contrast the reform efforts of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.