Deck 10: Employment

Question 1

Which of the following statements about employment rates is/are not correct?

A) Women comprise about 40% of the workforce.
B) The majority of married mothers are employed.
C) There has been a dramatic increase in women's labor force participation over the last several decades.
D) all of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The text discusses several factors that have contributed to women's increased labor force participation. Which of the following is not one of these?

A) the women's movement, showing women there were multiple options open to them.
B) financial need
C) men's feelings of resentment because their wives are not contributing financially
D) women's higher level of educational attainment than in the past

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Key factors in job retention and advancement for low-income single mothers include which of the following?

A) regular source of child care
B) some college education
C) employer-provided health insurance
D) all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about occupational gender distribution is/are true?

A) Since the 1990s, most occupations have employed equal numbers of women and men.
B) Half of all preschool teachers now are men.
C) Half of all managerial and professional positions now are held by women.
D) all of the above

Question 5

Which of the following statements about occupational gender distribution is/are true?

A) In the past 30 years, there has been an increase in occupational gender segregation.
B) In the past 30 years, there has been a decrease in occupational gender segregation.
C) Currently, half of all computer programmers and civil engineers are women.
D) b and c

Question 6

Which of the following statements about occupational gender distribution is/are true?

A) More women than men are now employed in the skilled trades.
B) Since the 1990s, approximately equal numbers of women and men have been employed as elementary school teachers.
C) Men outnumber women in engineering.
D) All of the above.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about occupational distribution is/are true?

A) At the present time approximately equal percentages of women and men are employed in the most prestigious occupations.
B) Half of all managerial jobs are held by women.
C) Approximately half of all upper management level jobs are held by women.
D) Among the top female managers, women of color outnumber White women.

Question 8

Which of these countries has elected a woman president in the twenty-first century?

A) Chile
B) Brazil
C) Liberia
D) All of the above

Question 9

In some female-dominated fields, men earn more and are promoted faster than women. This is known as the:

A) glass cliff.
B) fast-track token.
C) glass escalator.
D) fatherhood wage premium.

Question 10

Invisible barriers that prevent qualified women and people of color from upward mobility in their occupation are known as the:

A) index of segregation.
B) glass ceiling.
C) sticky floor.
D) material wall.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about job advancement for women is/are true?

A) Clerical work has a good job ladder.
B) Women who make it to the top levels of management have probably been helped by the "sticky floor."
C) A limited availability of mentors for women contributes to the glass ceiling.
D) none of the above.

Question 12

"Concrete ceiling" refers to:

A) invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing beyond a certain level
B) invisible barriers that prevent ethnic minority women from advancing beyond a certain level
C) invisible barriers that prevent women clergy from advancing beyond a certain level
D) none of the above

Question 13

A position that involves leading a unit that is in crisis and has a high risk of failure is referred to as a:

A) glass cliff.
B) glass ceiling.
C) glass wall.
D) glass escalator.

Question 14

According to your text, factors limiting job advancement of women include:

A) access to informal social networks
B) lack of a mentor
C) discrimination
D) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following statements about mentoring and social networking is/are true?

A) Mentors contribute to the job satisfaction of their mentees.
B) Some men are reluctant to mentor young women, fearing gossip or claims of harassment.
C) Women and men have equal access to informal social networks.
D) a and b

Question 16

Which is/are true about mentoring?

A) Mentors help provide women employees access to opportunities for advancement.
B) Women employees have little difficulty finding a female mentor.
C) Most men are willing to become mentors to women employees.
D) all of the above

Question 17

"Patronizing behavior" is a workplace behavior in which supervisors:

A) praise subordinates, and reward them with raises and promotions
B) praise subordinates but withhold raises and promotions
C) criticize poor performance, but still provide raises and promotions
D) neither praise subordinates, nor reward them with raises and promotions

Question 18

Which of the following statements is/are true?

A) In the U.S. women are assumed to be less competent leaders than men, but in most industrialized nations women and men are assumed to be similar in leadership ability.
B) The success of women managers is often attributed to external factors.
C) Men tend to dislike strongly competent women and think less highly of their accomplishments.
D) All of the above.

Question 19

When female and male managers show equally poor interpersonal skills, women are rated
More negatively and given less monitoring. This is known as:

A) shifting standards
B) the glass cliff
C) managerial derailment
D) tokenism

Question 20

Based on material presented in the text, which of the following women is most likely to experience discrimination due to unfavorable stereotypes?

A) Lisa, who is working as a nurse and has a male supervisor.
B) Bethany, who is working as an engineer and has a male supervisor.
C) Tamika, who is working as a nurse and has a female supervisor.
D) Maria, who is working as an engineer and has a female supervisor.

Question 21

Negative stereotypes of women are most likely to operate when:

A) the evaluators are men rather than women.
B) women are working in a female-related rather than a male-related job.
C) women adopt a feminine rather than a masculine style of leadership.
D) all of the above

Question 22

Which is/are true of women working in the fields of science, engineering and technology?

A) By the age of 40, half of the women have moved to other fields.
B) To be successful, many women report that they have to "act like a man".
C) The culture within the fields are at best unsupportive to women.
D) all of the above

Question 23

A style of leadership that focuses on the individual power of the leader is likely a(n) __________ style.

A) transactional
B) democratic
C) laissez-faire
D) transformational

Question 24

Research on gender differences in leadership style shows that:

A) women are less likely than men to pay attention to workers' mistakes.
B) men are somewhat more likely than women to serve as role models by empowering their subordinates.
C) men are somewhat more likely than women to focus on the success of the organization.
D) none of the above

Question 25

Alyssa Rodriguez sets high standards and both mentors and empowers her subordinates. This reflects a(n) _____________ style of leadership.

A) transactional
B) democratic
C) laissez-faire
D) transformational

Question 26

Current research on gender and leadership effectiveness indicates that:

A) women are rated as less effective than men by their supervisors, but not by the people who work for them.
B) women are rated as less effective by the people who work for them, but not by their supervisors.
C) women are rated as more effective than men in communication skills and providing feedback.
D) a and b

Question 27

Which of the following is true?

A) Women rate themselves as more effective leaders than men rate themselves
B) Companies with more women board directors perform better than those with few women
C) The number of women on a work team has no effect on performance
D) All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following statements about the earnings gap between women and men is/are true?

A) On average, women earn approximately 80% of what men earn.
B) Over the last few decades, the earnings gap has decreased.
C) Women earn less than men even in female-dominated jobs such as nursing.
D) all of the above

Question 29

Overall, women earn approximately ___ percent of what men earn.

A) 60
B) 70
C) 80
D) 90

Question 30

Which age group of full-time women workers comes closest to earning what their male
Counterparts do?

A) Young women (age 20-24)
B) Middle-aged women (age 40-60)
C) Older women (age 65 and older)
D) There are no age differences

Question 31

For average college-educated women born in the late 1950's, the gender wage gap is
Nearly_______by the time they reach age 59:

A) $100,000
B) $500,000
C) $800,000
D) $1,500,000

Question 32

Research on gender and salary indicates that:

A) women in female-dominated occupations tend to have higher salaries than men in those occupations.
B) male high school graduates earn more than women with an associate's degree
C) women tend to believe that their salaries adequately reflect their abilities and experience.
D) a and b

Question 33

Problems caused by the gender earning gap for low-income single mothers include:

A) they are at risk of falling into poverty.
B) many do not earn enough to support their family.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 34

Which of the following facts is/are consistent with the human capital explanation of gender differences in salaries?

A) Women and men with the same degree earn comparable wages.
B) Women spend less time in the workforce than men.
C) Women are concerned only about earning pocket money.
D) All of the above

Question 35

Factors that help account for the salary differential between women and men include :

A) women are more likely than men to take time off for child care or elder care.
B) female-dominated jobs are at the low end of the salary scale.
C) women sometimes are paid less than men doing the same work.
D) all of the above

Question 36

What proportion of American women return to work within one year of giving birth to their first child?

A) nearly one-fourth
B) about one-third
C) nearly 60%
D) nearly 85%

Question 37

An Illinois job evaluation study found that registered nurses, compared with electricians, deserved _ _____ pay and in fact received _______ pay:

A) the same amount of; more
B) higher; less
C) less; less
D) less; more

Question 38

Research on reasons for the gender and ethnic gaps in earnings has concluded that

A) gender differences in training and investment of time on the job fully explain the gender wage gap.
B) a major factor is the difference in jobs held by females and males and by people in different ethnic groups.
C) since the 1963 passage of the Federal Equal Pay Act, discrimination has not been a factor that contributes to these wage gaps.
D) none of the above

Question 39

Research on reasons for the gender gap in earnings has concluded that:

A) the salary difference cannot fully be explained by differences in educational experience and investment of time.
B) a bachelor's degree has the same impact on the salary of women and men.
C) employment leaves account for most of the gender gap in earnings.
D) a and c

Question 40

Which is true of salary negotiations?

A) Women are less likely than men to initiate salary negotiations
B) Women who negotiate a starting salary or a raise receive less than men who negotiate
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 41

Why are women less likely than men to engage in salary negotiations?

A) Women are less comfortable with self-promotion
B) Women are more likely to believe that employers will notice and reward good performance without being asked
C) Women are more likely to underestimate their worth
D) All of the above

Question 42

Women with children earn less than childless women, even when they have comparable education, work experience and job characteristics. This "motherhood penalty" averages up to ____ percent reduction in salary per child?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 18

Question 43

According to the text, the reason for the motherhood penalty is that:

A) Mothers may be less productive because of housework and childcare demands
B) Employers may discriminate against mothers in job placement, promotion or pay levels
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 44

Men with children, compared to men without children:

A) earn much less.
B) earn slightly less.
C) earn the same.
D) earn more.

Question 45

Research on women's work in developing countries shows that

A) women are often unaware of their rights.
B) many women work in conditions that are in direct violation of protective laws.
C) women are often afraid of losing their jobs if they assert themselves.
D) all of the above

Question 46

Which of the following expresses a research conclusion about women's satisfaction with their jobs?

A) Social support from peers and supervisors contribute to women's job satisfaction.
B) There is consistent evidence that women are less satisfied with their jobs than men are.
C) Women get no rewards from their jobs other than a salary.
D) b and c

Question 47

Which of the following is not associated with women's midcareer satisfaction?

A) being childless
B) having a mentor
C) opportunities for autonomy
D) having voluntary employment gaps

Question 48

According to the text, the decision of whether to disclose a lesbian, transgender, or bisexual identity in the workplace

A) is easy because there are no negative outcomes associated with disclosure.
B) is easy because both private and public employers have a "don't ask, don't tell" policy.
C) is easy because discrimination against lesbians, gays, transgender individuals, and bisexuals no longer occurs in the workplace.
D) can be difficult because disclosure can lead to discrimination.

Question 49

Approximately _____ of women age 55 to 61 are in the labor force.

A) one-third
B) one-halfone-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters

Question 50

During the past 30 years, the labor force participation of middle-aged and older women has _____, and that of middle-aged and older men has _____.

A) decreased; increased
B) decreased; decreased
C) increased; decreased
D) increased; increased

Question 51

A key reason that older women work is:

A) economic necessity
B) to have some time away from their husband
C) to keep from getting bored
D) to earn money for luxuries

Question 52

Women's age discrimination complaints filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission are more likely than men's to concern

A) wages
B) fringe benefits
C) job termination
D) a and b

Question 53

Women's complaints filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission are more likely to concern ___________ whereas men's complaints are more likely to be based on ___________.

A) hiring; job termination
B) involuntary retirement; wages
C) involuntary retirement; promotion
D) hiring; wages

Question 54

Which of the following statements about policies regarding the gender and ethnic wage gaps is/are correct?

A) It is legal to pay women and men different wages as long as they are in different occupations.
B) It is legal to pay Whites and people of color different wages as long as they are in different occupations.
C) Pay equity policies would base wages on workers' value to the company.
D) all of the above

Question 55

The employment policy of taking positive steps to ensure equal opportunity for all is called

A) pay equity.
B) quotas.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) affirmative action.

Question 56

Affirmative action refers to policies that:

A) facilitate the recruitment and advancement of underrepresented workers.
B) rely on group membership only to make hiring and promotion decisions.
C) have led to an extremely large number of legal complaints of reverse discrimination.
D) none of the above

Question 57

According to the text, a problem with affirmative action is that

A) many people attribute the job accomplishments of women and people of color to group-based preference rather than to their qualifications.
B) it results in the frequent hiring of under-qualified applicants.
C) it unfairly discriminates against White men.
D) it results in the frequent promotion of under-qualified workers.

Question 58

Which is/are true regarding retirement?

A) Men are more likely than women to retire because of poor health.
B) A decreasing number of women are continuing to work after their husbands retire.
C) Women are as likely as men to retire to care for a sick relative.
D) all of the above

Question 59

Women who _______________ are more likely to retire later than women who ____________.

A) are married; are widowed or divorced
B) have higher salaries; have lower salaries
C) have stronger work identity; have weaker work identity
D) b and c

Question 60

Which is/are true regarding retirement of married couples?

A) The most difficult period is the two year period following retirement.
B) Marital conflict is highest when the husband retires before the wife.
C) Couples who retire at the same time are happier than those who retire at different times.
D) all of the above

Question 61

Which is true regarding adjustment to retirement?

A) Married people are more satisfied with retirement than are unmarried retirees.
B) Women adjust to retirement more rapidly than men.
C) Unmarried retired women generally are less involved with friends and neighbors than lifelong homemakers.
D) all of the above

Question 62

According to a study reported in the text, women age 60 and older who had the highest self esteem and least depression were those who considered themselves to be:

A) retired only
B) homemakers only
C) both retired and homemakers
D) there were no differences among the three groups

Question 63

Women are more likely than men to list the following as an obstacle to participation in recreation.

A) time devoted to caregiving
B) lack of transportation
C) physical difficulties
D) all of the above

Question 64

Older women are _________ older men to live in poverty.

A) less likely than
B) just as likely as
C) nearly twice as likely as
D) four times as likely as

Question 65

Which among these groups of older women is least likely to be poor?

A) married women
B) widowed women
C) divorced and separated women
D) there is no association between marital status and poverty

Question 66

Elderly women are more likely than elderly men to be poor because

A) their Social Security benefits are smaller.
B) they are less likely to receive employer pensions.
C) they have less income from savings and investments.
D) all of the above

Question 67

Which of the following individuals is most likely to live in poverty?

A) a 65-year-old Hispanic woman.
B) a 65-year-old Hispanic man.
C) a 75-year-old Black woman.
D) a 75-year-old Black man.

Question 68

Which of the following developed nations does not provide equal pension benefits for retired women and men?

A) Australia
B) the United States
C) Germany
D) the Netherlands

Question 69

Research about the economic status of older women throughout the world indicates that

A) in all countries women receive smaller pensions than men.
B) women's retirement benefits as a proportion of men's are higher in the U.S. than in any other country.
C) all countries provide some form of social security so that the elderly can retire without experiencing excessive economic sacrifice.
D) none of the above

Question 70

Ethnic minority women receive lower Social Security benefits than White women because they

A) are concentrated in lower paying jobs.
B) are more likely to be employed "off the books," where benefits do not accrue.
C) may apply for benefits early, hence reducing the total amount of benefits.
D) all of the above

Question 71

Which is true of Social Security benefits?

A) A married retired women who earned more than her spouse cannot receive the benefit accrued from her own work history. Instead she is eligible only for the lower benefit based on her husband's earnings.
B) A divorced woman who was married for 10 years is eligible to receive half of her ex-husband's benefit when he retires.
C) A 50-year-old widow with no children is eligible to receive her husband's benefits immediately upon his death.
D) none of the above

Question 72

Fewer older women than men have income from pensions because they are more likely to have

A) worked in part-time or temporary jobs.
B) worked at jobs that have low pension benefits.
C) worked less continuously.
D) all of the above

Question 73

Give possible explanations for the increase in women's labor force participation.

Question 74

Discuss gender differences in occupational distribution.

Question 75

Define the glass ceiling. Also, discuss specific barriers to women's advancement.

Question 76

Discuss factors that contribute to workplace discrimination against women or ethnic minorities.

Question 77

Identify and define various dimensions of leadership style. Indicate gender differences in these dimensions.

Question 78

The text presented several factors that have been used to explain the gender-based wage gap. Discuss these.

Question 79

Describe the motherhood wage penalty and the fatherhood wage premium.

Question 80

Identify five factors that are associated with women's midcareer satisfaction.