Deck 2: Cultural Representation of Gender

Question 1

The cluster of traits that includes being ambitious and achievement-oriented is known as:

A) agency
B) communion
C) essentialism
D) Type A behavior

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated with power and high status than are _______ traits.

A) biologically-based; socially constructed
B) socially constructed; biologically-based
C) communal; agentic
D) agentic; communal

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to the text, gender stereotypes:

A) can affect how we interact with others.
B) can affect how individuals structure their own behavior.
C) stem primarily from biological gender differences that are evident early in life.
D) a and b

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Research on gender stereotypes shows that college students and faculty view:

A) the ideal woman as more communal than most women.
B) the ideal woman and man as high on both communion and agency.
C) the ideal man as high on communion and low on agency.
D) the ideal woman as high on agency and low on communion.

Question 5

Research shows that by age 6, girls are:

A) more likely than boys to believe their own gender is "really, really smart"
B) as likely as boys to believe that their own gender is "really, really smart"
C) less likely than boys to believe that their own gender is "really, really smart"
D) as likely as boys to believe that children their age are smarter than adults

Question 6

According to available research, which of the following ethnic groups engages in less gender stereotyping than the others?

A) Blacks
B) Whites
C) Latinas/os
D) All of the above are equal in the degree to which they stereotype by gender.

Question 7

Ageism is:

A) a bias against older people.
B) more strongly directed toward women than men.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 8

Which of the following groups is most likely to experience age-based prejudice?

A) female teenagers
B) male teenagers
C) women in late adulthood
D) men in late adulthood

Question 9

The terms "hag," "wicked old witch" and "old maid" are examples of:

A) sexism.
B) ageism.
C) elder abuse.
D) a and b

Question 10

In psychology of women textbooks, coverage of eating disorders and sexually transmitted infections focuses on:

A) younger women.
B) middle-aged women.
C) older women.
D) women of all ages

Question 11

Asian-American women often are perceived as:

A) caring and family-oriented.
B) soft-spoken and hardworking.
C) tough and dominant.
D) pleasant and passive.

Question 12

Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that:

A) there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women.
B) working-class women are perceived more negatively than are middle-class women.
C) working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women.
D) honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women.

Question 13

Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as:

A) disablement
B) handicapism
C) unableness
D) ableism

Question 14

Which of the following groups of women is likely to be perceived as helpless, weak, and overly dependent?

A) lesbians
B) Latinas
C) women with disabilities
D) all of the above

Question 15

Studies of the parents of newborns have found that:

A) there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons.
B) parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons.
C) parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments.
D) b and c

Question 16

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping of children is/are correct?

A) Adults tend to stereotype infants but not older children.
B) Parents tend to see their newborns as unique and do not apply gender stereotypes to them.
C) Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the communal-agentic distinction comprising stereotypes of adults.
D) none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is not an assumption of the social categorization perspective on stereotyping?

A) People tend to classify others into categories.
B) Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes.
C) People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another.
D) Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate.

Question 18

"People stereotype females as communal and males as agentic because they have observed females as caregivers and males as workers." This statement best reflects:

A) the social categorization perspective.
B) essentialism.
C) social role theory.
D) modern sexism.

Question 19

Research evidence indicates that people view women and men who are employed as more agentic than those who are not employed. This finding is most consistent with:

A) social role theory.
B) essentialism.
C) the social categorization perspective.
D) modern sexism.

Question 20

Jane Collins, a woman married to Mark Sullivan, wants her potential employer to view her as highly achievement-oriented, independent and ambitious. Based on research presented in the text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her?

A) Mrs. Jane Sullivan
B) Ms. Jane Sullivan
C) Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan
D) Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan

Question 21

Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 35
D) 50

Question 22

Women who prefer to use the title Ms. are often perceived as:

A) unmarried women.
B) more agentic than traditionally titled women.
C) less communal than traditionally titled women.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

Which woman is most likely to choose a nonconventional surname when she marries?

A) a woman with no children from a previous marriage
B) a woman who is just starting her career
C) a woman with a doctoral degree.
D) a woman who is highly religious

Question 24

Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against Price Waterhouse asserting that her promotion for partnership was denied on the basis of her gender. Price Waterhouse criticized her for all of the following except:

A) her "macho" style
B) having few billable hours
C) her lack of makeup and jewelry
D) her unfeminine walk

Question 25

Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle?

A) She lost her case and left Price Waterhouse.
B) Her case was appealed to the Supreme Court.
C) A federal judge concluded that gender-based stereotyping had played a role in Price Waterhouse's refusal to promote her to partner.
D) She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages.

Question 26

Ann Hopkins' case is an example of:

A) ageism
B) backlash effect
C) spotlighting
D) benevolent sexism

Question 27

A recent study of 600 teenage girls of varied socioeconomic and ethnic background reported:

A) one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic abilities
B) three-fourths of the girls received disparaging remarks about their athletic or sports involvement
C) teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic ability
D) all of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a woman's sexist experience?

A) receiving disparaging comments about women's abilities in math
B) experiencing discrimination in employment
C) being forced to listen to jokes that belittle women
D) all of the above

Question 29

Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. Therefore, he does not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. Brian's attitude best reflects:

A) modern sexism.
B) hostile sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) ambivalent sexism.

Question 30

Both hostile and benevolent sexism:

A) imply women are weak.
B) serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures.
C) serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Recent research indicates that _____ sexism actually has a more harmful effect on women's performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism.

A) modern; benevolent
B) benevolent; hostile
C) hostile; modern
D) hostile; benevolent

Question 32

Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of:

A) modern sexism and traditional sexism.
B) modern sexism and benevolent sexism.
C) modern sexism and hostile sexism.
D) benevolent sexism and hostile sexism.

Question 33

Dwayne was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. He has shared this information with his father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. Dwayne thinks his mother would be unable to deal with the situation and he wants to shield her from pain. Dwayne's attitude best reflects:

A) modern sexism.
B) benevolent sexism.
C) hostile sexism.
D) all of the above.

Question 34

Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that:

A) the more hostile sexism endorsed by the men, the less benevolent sexism reported by the women.
B) countries with more gender inequality were characterized by greater sexism.
C) across countries, men showed stronger hostile sexism than women did.
D) b and c

Question 35

Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men?

A) underrepresentation of females
B) portrayal of gender-based social roles
C) overrepresentation of female characters with both family and paid work responsibilities
D) depiction of female communion and male agency

Question 36

Currently, nearly equal numbers of females and males appear as central characters in:

A) children's picture books.
B) Saturday morning cartoons.
C) TV commercials.
D) all of the above

Question 37

Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks:

A) show less gender bias
B) still show more male characters than female characters in basic readers and math materials
C) now have about equal numbers of male and female characters in basic readers and math materials
D) a and b

Question 38

Which of the following groups of individuals is least likely to be seen on television?

A) Asian American women over age 35
B) White women over age 35
C) White women under age 35
D) Black women under age 35

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of ethnic minority women in the media is/are correct?

A) Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color.
B) Ethnic minority women are actually over-represented in ads in a wide variety of periodicals.
C) The media tend to portray Latinas in low-status occupations.
D) a and b

Question 40

In animated Disney films, older women often are portrayed as:

A) helpful
B) evil
C) feeble
D) wise

Question 41

There is a greater underrepresentation of ____________ than ___________ in movies and television.

A) women over age 35; women under age 35
B) women under age 35; women over age 35
C) Black women; Asian American women
D) b and c

Question 42

Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians?

A) As recently as 25 years ago, the few visible gay characters were usually portrayed negatively
B) In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, movies, and theater
C) The New York Times now publishes announcements of same-sex weddings and commitment ceremonies
D) All of the above.

Question 43

Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men?

A) In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance.
B) In several forms of media men are more likely than women to be depicted in work-related activities.
C) In recent movies, gay men have outnumbered lesbians by more than 3 to 1
D) The majority of teen magazines for girls encourage girls to pursue professional careers

Question 44

Which of the following statements concerning media portrayal of women athletes is/are true?

A) Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more media coverage than women competing in more masculine team sports such as basketball or baseball.
B) Despite the increased participation of women in sports, female athletes continue to be underrepresented in the media.
C) In the 2008 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact such as martial arts, shotput, and weight lifting received extensive media coverage.
D) a and b

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding women college athletes is/are not true?

A) Athleticism of female athletes tends to be overemphasized in the media.
B) Both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, non-athletic poses than
In active poses.
C) Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability.
D) a and b

Question 46

Magazines targeted at teen girls and young women

A) stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and use of beauty products.
B) prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products.
C) have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years.
D) all of the above

Question 47

Media define females, more than males, by their

A) intelligence
B) physical attractiveness
C) suggestive clothing
D) b and c

Question 48

Regarding the portrayal of women in music and music videos, which of the following statements is/are true?

A) Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to women.
B) Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent.
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above

Question 49

) The study of characters in children's popular culture found that female characters were:

A) as likely as male characters to have functional clothing and moving bodies
B) more likely than male characters to have decorative clothing and a friendly facial expression
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 50

The belief that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society is known as

A) the Whorfian hypothesis.
B) male generic language.
C) male as normative.
D) social role theory.

Question 51

Which of the following is not an example of masculine generic language?

A) "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job."
B) "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle."
C) "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease."
D) "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment."

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of spotlighting?

A) "Gwendolyn Brooks is an outstanding poetess."
B) "Female professor receives prestigious grant."
C) "The average student does his homework every night."
D) "Pioneers moved West, taking their wives and children."

Question 53

Which of the following language practices directly reflect the belief of male as normative?

A) spotlighting.
B) diminutive suffixes for female terms.
C) animal and food terms to refer to females.
D) a and b

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the differential treatment of females and males in language is/are correct?

A) There are more sexual terms associated with males than with females.
B) There are several pairs of terms for females and males that have the same objective meaning but that reflect a more negative connotation for the female term.
C) The use of male pronouns to refer to females and males is clearly interpreted as inclusive of both genders.
D) all of the above

Question 55

Discuss research evidence regarding the relationship between perceivers' ethnicity and the gender stereotypes they apply to others and between targets' ethnicity and gender stereotypes applied to them.

Question 56

Specify the content of gender stereotypes. Then show how social categorization processes and social role theory can account for these stereotypes.

Question 57

Discuss research conclusions regarding perceptions of women based on their identity labels. Then specify one possible explanation for these conclusions.

Question 58

Define ageism. Discuss evidence that ageism is directed more strongly toward women than toward men.

Question 59

Define the double standard of aging. What explanation has been offered to account for this phenomenon?

Question 60

Discuss the meaning of ambivalent sexism. Also, specify a consequence of all types of sexism.

Question 61

Define modern sexism and give one example of a belief that reflects this type of sexism.

Question 62

Discuss research findings regarding benevolent and hostile sexism across countries.

Question 63

Discuss research evidence regarding media portrayal of gender.

Question 64

Discuss the gender-stereotyping of characters in children's popular literature

Question 65

There are several language practices that reflect the belief that male is normative. Specify and give an example of two of these.

Question 66

Describe the meaning of masculine generic language, give an example of this language practice, and discuss research on the way people interpret masculine generic terms.

Question 67

The text discusses several different kinds of negative terms for females. Specify and give an example of any three.