Deck 2: Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

n Loftus and Palmer's first experiment, which of the following is the correct order of the participants' speed estimates for the target verbs (highest first)?

A)Hit, collided, smashed, bumped, contacted
B)Smashed, hit, collided, bumped, contacted
C)Smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted
D)Hit, collided, smashed, contacted, bumped
E)Smashed, contacted, bumped, hit, collided

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The IV in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment was:

A)The film
B)The gender of the participants
C)The verbs in the question
D)The estimate of the speed
E)The question about the broken glass

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The DV in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment was

A)The film
B)The gender of the participants
C)The question about the broken glass
D)The verbs in the question
E)The age of the participants

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The participants in the Loftus and Palmer study were all students. Which of the following are two disadvantages of using students for this study?

A)Students are better than average at remembering things and using their memory; It is possible to generalise to the whole population
B)It is not possible to generalise to the whole population; It is possible that students are more likely to take the experiment seriously
C)Students have less experience of driving and estimating speed; Students are better than average at remembering things and using their memory
D)It is possible that students are more likely to take the experiment seriously; Students are not used to being eyewitnesses
E)Students are used to being eyewitnesses; Students have less experience of driving and estimating speed

Question 5

Loftus and Palmer conducted two experiments. Why did they conduct the second one?

A)They weren't sure whether the findings in experiment 1 were because of genuine changes in memory or just because of response bias
B)They needed participants to come back one week later to collect the results
C)They needed to create another control group
D)They weren't sure whether the findings in experiment 1 were ecologically valid
E)They needed more participants

Question 6

Loftus and Palmer's study can best be described as a:

A)Laboratory experiment
B)Participant observation
C)Correlation
D)Controlled observation
E)Field experiment

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a leading question?

A)Where did you park your car?
B)What time did you see that man leave the pub?
C)Who did you talk to?
D)What time did you leave the pub?
E)Did you see a man?

Question 8

The best description of first-order theory of mind tests involves the subject:

A)Inferring the thoughts of one other person
B)Reasoning about events in a story
C)Inferring the thoughts of a person from looking at their eyes
D)Inferring the emotion of a person from looking at their eyes
E)Reasoning about what one person thinks about another person's thoughts

Question 9

The best description of second-order theory of mind tests involves the subject:

A)Inferring the thoughts of one other person
B)Inferring the thoughts of a person from looking at their eyes
C)Reasoning about what one person thinks about another person's thoughts
D)Reasoning about events in a story
E)Inferring the emotion of a person from looking at their eyes

Question 10

Which of the following was not a result from Baron-Cohen et al. study

A)The normal and Tourette syndrome group performed identically
B)The autism/AS group were significantly less able to cope with the Eyes Task
C)In the normal group, males performed significantly better than females
D)Only eight of the autism/AS group performed better than chance
E)There was a ceiling effect for the normal and Tourette syndrome group

Question 11

Which of the following is the best explanation of why Baron-Cohen et al. wanted to develop the Eyes Task?

A)There is a need to develop a test for identifying autism in adults
B)Other tasks that have been used to identify autism are too complex for autistic spectrum adults
C)There is a need to develop a test of intelligence for autistic spectrum adults
D)Other research has discredited the Sally-Anne task
E)No one has used the Eyes Task before now

Question 12

Why did Baron-Cohen et al. ask participants to identify the gender of the eyes?

A)To find out if there were any differences between the three groups of participants
B)To be sure that a poor score on the Eyes Task was because of lack of ToM and not basic emotional recognition more generally
C)To see if the participants could interpret the context
D)To be sure that a poor score on the Eyes Task was because of lack of ToM and not face perception more generally
E)To see if there was any gender differences in the task

Question 13

Which of the following is not true about Theory of Mind?

A)It is the ability to infer, in other people, a range of mental states
B)Research has shown that chimpanzees have a Theory of Mind
C)It was a term first coined by animal psychologists
D)There are different degrees of Theory of Mind
E)According to Baron-Cohen et al., lack of Theory of Mind is the core feature of autism

Question 14

Why did Baron-Cohen et al. also use Happe's Strange Stories Task?

A)To check the validity of the Eyes Task
B)To make sure the results were not related to intelligence
C)Because the Strange Stories are a second-order ToM task
D)To see if there was a relationship between age and performance on the Eyes Task
E)To make sure the results were not related to Tourette syndrome

Question 15

Which of the following is not true of autism?

A)Autistic children like change and variety in their routines
B)Autistic children often have obsessive interests
C)Autism is more common amongst males than females.
D)Autistic children often have difficulty with social relationships
E)There is a rising rate of autism in the UK

Question 16

In Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s study what is the probable reason for Kanzi's faster rate of word acquisition compared with Mulika?

A)Mulika preferred gestures
B)Kanzi was older than Mulika
C)Kanzi is a pygmy chimp, while Mulika is a common chimp
D)Kanzi had probably acquired some words from watching his mother
E)Mulika did not like using the lexigram

Question 17

In total Mulika learned how many words during the period of the report in Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s study?

A)37
B)29
C)25
D)46
E)32

Question 18

Why did Kanzi and Mulika have formal tests in Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s study?

A)All of these
B)To provide clear, objective evidence of their vocabulary
C)To make sure their use of words was not just contextual cues
D)To make sure their use of words was not just inadvertant glances
E)None of these

Question 19

How many months old was Kanzi at the beginning of Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s study?

A)37
B)16
C)11
D)21
E)30

Question 20

Which of the following methods was not used to collect data in Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s study?

A)Informal observations
B)Structured questions
C)Formal tests
D)Behaviour verification
E)Directing a 'blind' visitor around the wooded area

Question 21

Why could Baron-Cohen's research be described as a quasi-experiment?

A)Because each group of participants contained different people
B)Because the same people were used for each task
C)Because the independent variable was manipulated by the researchers
D)Because the dependent variable was measured quantitatively
E)Because the groups of participants already existed in the real world

Question 22

Loftus and Palmer's research suggests that:

A)Memory is very reliable
B)Memory can be affected by information you hear after something has happened
C)Memory is like a video tape running in your mind
D)Memory is a two-stage process
E)People find it easy to recall everything about an event they have seen

Question 23

In Experiment 2, the question about broken glass was asked to:

A)Test participants' observation skills
B)Distract them from thinking about car speed
C)See if their memory had been altered by the wording of the question in the first part of the study
D)See if they were paying attention to the film clip
E)See how much they knew about car crashes

Question 24

In Experiment 1, the lowest mean speed estimate was how much lower than the highest mean speed estimate?

A)6 mph
B)7 mph
C)8 mph
D)9 mph
E)10 mph

Question 25

In Loftus and Palmer's Experiment 1, the five verbs used in the question were:

A)Collided, smashed, hit, contacted, bumped
B)Collided, contacted, bumped, touched, hit
C)Collided, hit, banged, contacted, struck
D)Hit, struck, bumped, thumped, touched
E)Collided, smashed, contacted, bumped, struck

Question 26

A 'critical question' in research is:

A)One that sounds negative to the participants
B)One that sounds negative to the researchers
C)One that specifically addresses the subject of the research
D)One that could be understood in two ways
E)One that leads participants into answering in a particular way

Question 27

In Loftus and Palmer's research, the participants were:

A)American Air Force personnel
B)British students
C)American university staff
D)British sixth formers
E)American students

Question 28

Over the 17 months, Kanzi produced how many nonimitative combinations of symbols?

A)None
B)1500
C)2200
D)2520
E)2540

Question 29

Matata did not learn to use symbols on her own. She required plenty of training. This may mean:

A)Matata had lower levels of intelligence than Kanzi or Mulika
B)There is a critical window for a chimpanzee to learn language
C)She wasn't very interested in learning to communicate with the symbols
D)She wasn't given enough opportunities to learn the symbols
E)The symbols were too confusing for her

Question 30

At 14 months, Mulika learned some new words. These included:

A)Peanut, mushroom, jam, went
B)Mushroom, cherry, banana, steak
C)Peanut, mushroom, jelly, go
D)Peanut, cherry, burger, go
E)Table, chair, melon, milk

Question 31

Kanzi's communication system:

A)Contained geometric symbols
B)Could not be used outside
C)Was called a 'hexagram'
D)Had no sound features
E)Was called a 'word board'

Question 32

Bonobo chimpanzees:

A)Are rare but very sociable and possibly highly intelligent
B)Are very common but sociable and intelligent
C)Are very common but antisocial although intelligent
D)Are rare but intelligent although social skills are poor
E)Are rare in captivity but increasing in numbers in the wild

Question 33

Which of the following is false?

A)Chimpanzees can imitate human sign language
B)Chimpanzees can learn to use symbols to mean particular objects
C)Chimpanzees can learn by being rewarded with playtime
D)Chimpanzees can reliably learn to say single words vocally
E)Chimpanzees communicate with each other in the wild

Question 34

The fact that the Eyes Task pictures were static when real life situations contain movement could be said to affect:

A)How easy the task was to set up
B)Whether the participants enjoyed the task
C)How interesting the task was
D)The reliability of the study
E)The ecological validity of the study

Question 35

Which of these is not a conclusion from Baron-Cohen's research?

A)Females without autism do better on the Eyes Task than males without autism
B)There is some evidence of a lack of Theory of Mind in autistic people
C)There is a link between Theory of Mind and frontal brain abnormalities
D)Adults with autism are impaired on the Eyes Task
E)Theory of Mind is independent of general intelligence

Question 36

The validity of the Eyes Task was checked by the use of:

A)Happe's Odd Tales
B)Happe's Strange Stories
C)Happe's Understanding Task
D)Hoppie's Strange Stories
E)A story-writing task

Question 37

Why were the participants with Tourette syndrome used?

A)Because they have IQs in the normal range but there are similarities in their developmental disorder
B)They were an easy group to access for the research
C)Because Tourette syndrome is unusual
D)Because Tourette syndrome is little understood
E)Because they were keen to be included

Question 38

Autistic people find the classic Sally-Anne test difficult because:

A)They don't like playing with dolls
B)They don't understand the task
C)They find it hard to articulate the answer
D)They can't concentrate on what Sally and Anne are doing
E)They don't realise that Sally doesn't know something they have seen happen

Question 39

The ability to infer other people's state of mind or intentions is known as:

A)Mind theory
B)Mind reading
C)Empathy
D)Theory of Mind
E)Theory of understanding