Deck 6: Socialization Throughout the Life Course

Question 1

Why is socialization regarded as an important topic of study within sociological social psychology?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Anticipatory socialization occurs when people:

A)act or think like the occupants of a role they plan to enter
B)consciously recognize others' impending role transitions
C)feel restless and desire social change
D)make career plans and stick to them
E)seek to enhance their social standing

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Expectant parents who begin buying books about child rearing are participating in a process that sociological social psychologists call:

A)anticipatory socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)resocialization
E)role socialization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Studies of secondary socialization in the life course tradition often focus on:

A)developmental stages
B)parent-child relations
C)peer relations in childhood
D)role transitions
E)both a and d

Question 5

Professional socialization, which often occurs at work or in postbaccalaureate programs (e.g., an MA or PhD program, medical school, or law school), is a type of:

A)cultural socialization
B)partial socialization
C)primary socialization
D)resocialization
E)secondary socialization

Question 6

Many studies of the effects of exposure to media violence on aggressive behavior are guided by:

A)role theory
B)social exchange theory
C)social identity theory
D)social learning theory
E)status characteristics theory

Question 7

Research suggests that watching violent television during childhood is most likely to result in subsequent aggressive behavior among individuals who (1) identify with same-sex violent television characters and (2):

A)find violent television programming humorous
B)grow up in a single-parent family
C)have few friends their age
D)perceive television violence as realistic
E)regularly watch violent films

Question 8

Research suggests that time spent playing violent video games explains about ______ of the variation in aggressive behavior across individuals.

A)0.04
B)0.12
C)0.21
D)0.34
E)0.47

Question 9

About how much variation in the morality of caring and the morality of justice across individuals is explained by gender?

A)7%-8%
B)16%-17%
C)35%-36%
D)49%-50%
E)88%-89%

Question 10

Research on moral reasoning suggests that females are more likely than males to make decisions based on:

A)general ethical principles or rules
B)moral beliefs
C)reinforcement and punishment
D)relevant situational factors and the social consequences of action
E)unregulated emotion

Question 11

Gilligan's morality of caring (similar to Kohlberg's conventional morality) emphasizes the social consequences of action, whereas the morality of justice (similar to Kohlberg's postconventional morality) emphasizes:

A)the origin of rule application
B)general ethical rules and principles
C)specific situational factors
D)spontaneity and emotion
E)power differences between actors in everyday settings

Question 12

People who reason at the postconventional level in Kohlberg's model make decisions based on:

A)internalized societal standards
B)role modeling and vicarious reinforcement
C)the desire to avoid punishment by authority figures
D)the "I," rather than the "me"
E)the likely social consequences of their actions

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)women are more accurate role takers than men.
B)Men are more accurate role takers than women.
C)Women exhibit a greater propensity for role taking than men.
D)Men exhibit a greater propensity for role taking than women.
E)There are no notable gender differences in role taking.

Question 14

Role-taking propensity refers to:

A)how effective people are in taking the role or perspective of another person
B)humans' inborn drive to achieve social acceptance
C)people's tendency to engage in role taking only when the benefits of this activity outweigh its costs
D)the degree of accuracy with which people are able to imagine others' motivations and desires
E)the readiness with which people use their role-taking skills across social situations

Question 15

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Children's play activities are rarely gender segregated.
B)Extracurricular activities in middle and high school serve as agents of gender socialization.
C)Language plays a role in the formation of gender identity.
D)Peer interaction serves as the foundation for the development of role-taking or perspective taking skills.
E)Sociological social psychologists argue that gender differences in perception and behavior are learned rather than innate.

Question 16

There are three issues of interest to sociological social psychologists pertaining to the topic of socialization discussed in Chapter 6. They are gender socialization, moral reasoning, and:

A)children and the media
B)education
C)the manufacture and marketing of toys
D)parenting
E)religiosity

Question 17

As noted in Chapter 6, there are few studies on socialization within the ____________________ face of sociological social psychology.

A)behaviorist
B)group processes and structures
C)psychological
D)social structure and personality
E)symbolic interactionist

Question 18

What demographic shift, discussed in Chapter 6, has had a significant effect on the experiences of the current generation of young adults?

A)the decrease in average parental income
B)the decrease in the percentage of individuals who go directly from high school to college
C)the increase in the availability of white-collar, professional jobs
D)the increase in the age at which people typically marry
E)the increase in the number of male to female births

Question 19

Delayed entry into marriage, parenthood, and adult work roles in contemporary Western cultures has resulted in a new developmental stage called:

A)emerging adulthood
B)extended childhood
C)middle maturity
D)postadolescence
E)procrastinated youth

Question 20

What is a liminal status? Use the concept of liminality to explain high levels of alcohol abuse among college students. Why would service requirements be expected to reduce levels of alcohol consumption within this context?

Question 21

Did you find it difficult to transition into the role of college student? List and describe the five factors that affect the ease with which individuals make role transitions. Think back to the beginning of your freshman year and apply the latter factors to your experience as a new college student. To what extent do they help to explain your feelings at that time?

Question 22

The results of quantitative (i.e., experimental and survey-based) studies suggest that the effect of exposure to media violence on aggressive behavior is relatively small. Would sociological social psychologists working within the interpretive framework make a similar argument? Why or why not?

Question 23

What is moral reasoning and how does this capacity develop? Would you say that you favor either the caring or the justice orientation when making moral judgments? Explain.

Question 24

What is role-taking propensity? Why do women tend to exhibit a greater propensity for role-taking than men?

Question 25

What if someone stated, in conversation, that gender difference in perception and behavior are biologically based. Argue against this position using material presented in Chapter 6.

Question 26

Describe the interpretive approach to the study of childhood socialization. Include in your description definitions of the following two concepts: peer culture and interpretive reproduction. How does the interpretive approach differ from social learning theory and from structural models of the socialization process? Why is research within the interpretive framework typically qualitative in orientation?

Question 27

How does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis relate to the ongoing debate about the legitimacy of the movement toward the use of what is sometimes referred to as "politically correct" language. What are the likely effects of shifts in commonly used terms at the macro level?

Question 28

What is the Sapir-Whorf (or linguistic relativity) hypothesis? How does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis apply to groups within this society? Give an example to support your argument.

Question 29

Summarize the main premises of social learning theory. Why can social learning theory be classified as a micro-level theoretical framework?

Question 30

What is role taking or perspective taking? Briefly discuss and the importance of peer interaction in the development of this cognitive ability.

Question 31

List and describe the three stages through which the "me" phase of the self develops, focusing on the key abilities that emerge during each point in the process.

Question 32

How is the sociological concept of the self similar to, and different from, the psychological concept of personality?

Question 33

______________ is a liminal status within this culture.

A)Assembly-line worker
B)Best friend
C)College student
D)Gender
E)High school teacher

Question 34

People who occupy a liminal status:

A)are less constrained by social norms than other individuals within society
B)are disadvantaged relative to others within their age category
C)are rarely taken seriously
D)have to work hard to prove their worth
E)rarely achieve success later in life

Question 35

Emerging adulthood is associated with all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A)identity exploration
B)financial dependence
C)low social control
D)participation in risk behaviors, including substance use
E)planning for the future

Question 36

Research on socialization within social structure and personality has focused on:

A)how children create norms within the context of their peer relations
B)how poverty affects children
C)the effects of rewards and punishments on children's behaviors
D)the effects of social class on patterns of socialization within the family
E)both b and d

Question 37

The concept of interpretative reproduction, a key component of Corsaro's interpretive approach to childhood socialization, emphasizes:

A)agency
B)biology
C)desire and responsibility
D)good versus evil
E)nature over nurture

Question 38

The interpretive approach to the study of childhood socialization emphasizes the importance of:

A)peer cultures
B)reinforcement and punishment
C)religious organizations
D)self-categorization processes
E)status generalization processes

Question 39

Psychological approaches to child development focus on:

A)cognitive development
B)personality
C)social structure and culture
D)the self
E)both a and b

Question 40

When does socialization begin?

A)at birth
B)around the age of three
C)by early adolescence
D)in midchildhood
E)it varies cross-culturally

Question 41

The ________________________ question is addressed in the social psychological literature on primary socialization.

A)agency-structure
B)animal-human
C)individual-group
D)culture-social structure
E)nature-nurture

Question 42

The family, schools, religious organizations, peers, and the media are:

A)agents of socialization
B)elements of social structure
C)instruments of deceit
D)social networks
E)voluntary associations

Question 43

Sociological social psychologists define socialization as the process through which people:

A)acquire their society's culture
B)bond with others
C)develop the ability to influence others
D)learn to act upon biological drives in productive ways
E)meet others and make friends

Question 44

Values, norms, beliefs, and language are part of a society's:

A)institutional arrangements
B)material culture
C)nonmaterial culture
D)role arrangements
E)social structure

Question 45

College student is a liminal status.

Question 46

Life course research focuses mostly on primary socialization processes.

Question 47

Secondary socialization occurs in adulthood.

Question 48

Quantitative studies (experiments and surveys) suggest that watching violent television programs and movies puts children at a high risk for aggressive behavior.

Question 49

Gilligan's morality of justice involves what Kohlberg calls postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 50

Women are more effective (accurate) role takers than men.

Question 51

Language plays a role in the formation of gender identity.

Question 52

Social learning theory is macro-level model of the primary socialization process.

Question 53

Social psychological research provides support for the nature, over the nurture, position.

Question 54

Primary socialization begins at birth.

Question 55

According to Freud, the id is:

A)acquired during the primary socialization process
B)biologically based
C)passed on from parents to their children
D)of little relevance to human behavior
E)social in origin

Question 56

In Freud's model of the personality structure, the ego represents:

A)an acquired sense of superiority over others
B)biological impulses and drives
C)our conscience
D)the human emotional control system
E)rational thought processes

Question 57

The interpretive approach to childhood socialization combines elements of symbolic interactionism and:

A)Bandura's social learning theory
B)Freud's psychoanalytic approach
C)Piaget's model of cognitive development
D)social identity theory
E)status characteristics theory

Question 58

Professional socialization, which often occurs at work or in postbaccalaureate programs (e.g., an MA or PhD program, medical school, or law school), is a type of:

A)anticipatory socialization
B)primary socialization
C)resocialization
D)secondary socialization

Question 59

The behavior of feral children ("wild" children, who have had limited contact with other humans) is primary governed by:

A)the "I"
B)the "me"
C)the "my"
D)the ego
E)the superego

Question 60

The notion that using terms like "vertically challenged" rather than "short" will change the way a certain group of individuals is perceived within society is consistent with the main premise of the:

A)Kohlberg-Gilligan model of moral reasoning
B)learned compliance approach
C)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D)status equalizing model
E)Warrick rule

Question 61

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that:

A)action creates meaning
B)agency is the basis of society
C)biology is more important than society in creating preferences and behavioral patterns
D)culture has minimal effects on perception and behavior
E)language shapes thought

Question 62

Research suggests that people's first memory is tied to the:

A)acquisition of language
B)experience of emotion
C)institution of education
D)onset of peer relations
E)suppression of biological urges

Question 63

Mead argued that the generalized other emerges during the _______________ of development.

A)game stage
B)play stage
C)latent stage
D)postnatal stage
E)synergistic stage

Question 64

The term "generalized other" refers to:

A)a sense of societal norms and values
B)an understanding of another individual's expectations
C)one's desired or ideal self
D)the imaginary peer that most young children invent
E)the set of skills acquired during the play stage

Question 65

In the play stage, children learn how to:

A)act in a moral fashion
B)imitate significant others
C)take multiple roles simultaneously
D)take the role of another individual
E)view themselves from the perspective of society

Question 66

Children imitate significant others during the:

A)developmental stage
B)game stage
C)preparatory stage
D)play stage
E)role stage

Question 67

Mead emphasized the importance of _________________ in the primary socialization process.

A)biological factors
B)bonds to parents
C)interaction with peers
D)religious institutions
E)schools

Question 68

Mead's model of the primary socialization process focuses on the development of:

A)the "me" phase of the self
B)the "I" phase of the self
C)the id
D)the "my" and the "mine"
E)the superego

Question 69

Vicarious reinforcement is the process that underlies:

A)conflict between the id and superego
B)life course transitions
C)the development of the "me" phase of the self
D)role modeling
E)secondary socialization

Question 70

In Bandura's classic social learning experiment, children were most likely to beat a bobo doll with a mallet when:

A)the bobo doll was rigged to hit them first
B)the experimenter told them to "get aggressive"
C)their parents were not present at the testing site
D)they observed an adult being rewarded for engaging in that behavior
E)they were paid for doing so

Question 71

Which of the following processes is of interest to social learning theorists?

A)object permanence
B)personality formation
C)role modeling
D)social bonding
E)status strain

Question 72

In Freud's model of the personality structure, the superego represents:

A)an acquired sense of superiority over others
B)biological impulses and drives
C)our conscience
D)the human emotional control system
E)rational thought processes

Question 73

"Culture" is the term sociological social psychologists use to refer to the statuses, roles, and social institutions within a given society.