Question 1

Philosophers use the term empirical evidence for evidence acquired by&#10;A) the scientific method.&#10;B) rigorous, logic-based argumentation.&#10;C) sense perception.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Empirical evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation, which involves sense perception.

Question 2

Empirical evidence is used in which form of reasoning?&#10;A) A posteriori reasoning&#10;B) A priori reasoning&#10;C) Scientific reasoning&#10;D) Naturalistic reasoning

Accepted Answer

Empirical evidence is derived from observation and experience. A posteriori reasoning is based on empirical evidence, whereas a priori reasoning is based on logic and reasoning without observation or experience. Scientific reasoning also involves empirical evidence, but it focuses specifically on using the scientific method to gather and analyze data. Naturalistic reasoning refers to a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of natural phenomena and empirical evidence in understanding the world.

Question 3

Descartes focused on using which of the following methods?&#10;A) A posteriori&#10;B) A priori&#10;C) Scientific&#10;D) Naturalistic

Accepted Answer

Descartes focused on using the method of a priori reasoning, which involves using deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to arrive at certain knowledge.

Question 4

Except for within mathematics, Hume entirely rejected the use of which of the following methods?&#10;A) A posteriori reasoning&#10;B) A priori reasoning&#10;C) Scientific reasoning&#10;D) Naturalistic reasoning

Accepted Answer

Hume rejected the use of a priori reasoning, which involves reasoning based on deductive principles rather than empirical evidence.

Question 5

The &#34;argument from perspectival variation&#34; is used to support&#10;A) direct realism.&#10;B) indirect realism.&#10;C) direct idealism.&#10;D) indirect idealism.

Accepted Answer

The argument from perspectival variation argues that the way objects appear to us can vary depending on our perspective, and therefore we do not have direct and immediate access to the world as it is. Instead, our perception of the world is mediated by our mental states, which is a key idea in indirect realism. Therefore, the argument from perspectival variation supports indirect realism.

Question 6

Indirect realism claims that&#10;A) we see objects themselves, though indirectly through the senses.&#10;B) we see objects themselves, though indirectly through the imaginative faculty.&#10;C) we do not see objects themselves, but the mental images they produce.&#10;D) we do not see objects themselves, but the ideal forms of the objects.

Accepted Answer

Indirect realism posits that we do not see objects themselves, but rather the mental images that objects produce. This means that our perception of reality is mediated by our senses, which create mental representations of the external world. This view is sometimes referred to as representative realism, as it suggests that our perceptions are representations or copies of the real world, rather than direct access to reality itself.

Question 7

In Locke's terminology, material objects are objects that exist&#10;A) in prime matter.&#10;B) in the natural world.&#10;C) within the minds of materialists.&#10;D) outside any mind (and are not themselves minds).

Accepted Answer

According to Locke, material objects are objects that exist outside any mind and are not themselves minds. They are part of the external world and are not dependent on any individual perceivers.

Question 8

Locke used the term idea for&#10;A) mental objects.&#10;B) mental images.&#10;C) sensation of pain.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Locke used the term "idea" to refer to mental objects, mental images, and sensations such as pain, encompassing all aspects of human thought and sensory experience.

Question 9

Na&#239;ve representationalism claims that&#10;A) the ideas generated in perception perfectly resemble the material objects they represent.&#10;B) setting aside occasional cases of illusion, the ideas generated in perception perfectly resemble the material objects they represent.&#10;C) setting aside occasional cases of illusion, the ideas generated in perception closely resemble the material objects they represent.&#10;D) all theories that assume a similarity between material objects and the ideas that represent them are na&#239;ve.

Accepted Answer

Naïve representationalism suggests that, except for occasional illusions, the ideas generated in perception closely resemble the material objects they represent, not perfectly.

Question 10

The fact that a bee's vision is very different from human vision-for example, bee eyes are insensitive to red light-is a powerful objection against&#10;A) rationalism.&#10;B) empiricism.&#10;C) na&#239;ve representationalism.&#10;D) idealism.

Accepted Answer

Naïve representationalism assumes that the way we see the world is the way the world really is, and that our perceptions accurately represent reality. However, the fact that bee vision differs so greatly from human vision shows that our perceptions are one specific way of interpreting the world, and may not accurately reflect objective reality. This challenges the simplistic idea of naïve representationalism.

Question 11

Locke argued that our idea of heat represents heat, but the idea of heat doesn't resemble heat itself, just as the word&#10;A) heat represents heat, but it doesn't resemble heat.&#10;B) porcupine represents porcupines, but it doesn't resemble a porcupine.&#10;C) pain represents pain, but it doesn't resemble pain.&#10;D) word represents words, but it doesn't resemble a word.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Locke argued that our idea of heat...

Question 12

Which of the following is/are included among Lockean primary qualities?&#10;A) Shape&#10;B) Solidity&#10;C) Motion and rest&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is/are included among...

Question 13

Which of the following is/are included among Lockean secondary qualities?&#10;A) Shape&#10;B) Solidity&#10;C) Color&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is/are included among...

Question 14

How do Lockean primary qualities differ from secondary qualities?&#10;A) Secondary qualities are derived from primary qualities.&#10;B) Primary qualities are derived from secondary qualities.&#10;C) Ideas of primary qualities resemble the qualities themselves, whereas ideas of secondary qualities do not resemble the qualities themselves.&#10;D) Ideas of secondary qualities resemble the qualities themselves, whereas ideas of primary qualities do not resemble the qualities themselves.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do Lockean primary qualities differ from...

Question 15

Explain na&#239;ve representationalism and any objections against it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain na&#239;ve representationalism and any objections against...

Question 16

Explain Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities, providing examples of both. How might one object to this distinction? What qualities might not clearly fit into one or the other?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain Locke's distinction between primary and secondary...

Question 17

Berkley claimed that there were no such things as material objects. What arguments did he provide to justify this position? What criticisms can be raised against it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Berkley claimed that there were no such...

Question 18

Explain direct realism, focusing on its response to the argument from perspectival variation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain direct realism, focusing on its response...

Question 19

Explain rationalism and its use of a priori reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain rationalism and its use of a...

Deck 6: Can We Trust Our Senses?