Deck 5: What Is Real and How Do We Know?

Question 1

A discipline's ________ informs its scholars of the fundamental categories of reality within its domain, and its ___________ defines how they should discover more about them.

A) epistemology, ontology
B) epistemology, ideology
C) ontology, epistemology
D) ontology, ideology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The nature of existence or being is a question of:

A) ontology
B) ideology
C) tautology
D) epistemology

Answer 2

A

Question 3

With Kant, _________ asserts that the conceptual categories by which we organize the universe do not correspond to any inherent structure of the universe, but rather they are products of the human mind

A) formalism
B) realism
C) essentialism
D) nominalism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Who views all subjects or objects named as unique representations of the world?

A) extreme realists
B) extreme nominalists
C) extreme essentialists
D) extreme formalists

Question 5

Strong ___________ tend to adopt a nominalist position without necessarily being aware that they are doing so, because they disdain quantitative generalizing accounts and embrace qualitative specificity.

A) anti-formalists
B) anti-essentialists
C) anti-nominalists
D) anti-realists

Question 6

Both Plato and Aristotle were __________ about universals, although their ideas about them were radically different.

A) formalists
B) realists
C) essentialists
D) nominalists

Question 7

__________ maintain that to make use of universals such as humanness we ignore individual differences such as gender, color, size, age, and so on.

A) Realists
B) Nominalists
C) Essentialists
D) Formalists

Question 8

____________ universal abstractions, such as humanness, femaleness, strength, and intelligence, are qualities we ascribe to humans, and thus human beings must exist before we can realistically talk about things that describe them.

A) Aristotle's
B) Kant's
C) Plato's
D) Descartes

Question 9

According to the text, the ontological position of labeling theorists is weak:

A) formalism
B) realism
C) essentialism
D) nominalism

Question 10

According to the text, why do many older self-report crime surveys provide a highly distorted picture of criminal activity?

A) they inquired about trivial acts
B) they surveyed high-school and college students
C) they lumped single offenders with repeat offenders
D) all of the above

Question 11

In self-report studies, those with a criminal history:

A) have a tendency to over-report
B) report accurately about their past
C) have a tendency to under-report
D) tend to not report any crime at all

Question 12

the most dramatic advances in science have typically come from:

A) theory
B) technology
C) philosophy
D) research

Question 13

Nominalist philosophers claim the reality of abstract universals and the usefulness of generalities.

Question 14

Labeling theory distinguishes between primary deviance resulting from society's reaction and secondary deviance consisting of the nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.

Question 15

According to the text, since most crime is intraracial, not to arrest black criminal perpetrators would result in charges of racism with respect to a disregard for black victims.