Question 1

Classical essentialism is best exemplified by ___________ notion that things have attributes that are necessary, unalterable, and indispensible.&#10;A) Plato's&#10;B) Aristotle's&#10;C) Kant's&#10;D) Darwin's

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

A non-essential property that a subject may not have or lose without changing its nature is a __________ property.&#10;A) per se&#10;B) per opta&#10;C) per accidens&#10;D) per neces

Accepted Answer

A non-essential property that a subject may not have or lose without changing its nature is a per accidens property.

Question 3

What could be an example of an essential property of a human female?&#10;A) ability to give birth&#10;B) sexual organs&#10;C) small-framed build&#10;D) an XX karyotype

Accepted Answer

An XX karyotype is an essential genetic property that typically defines a human female, whereas the ability to give birth, sexual organs, and body build can vary among individuals.

Question 4

Categorization is the search for common properties, which __________ diversity.&#10;A) facilitates&#10;B) defines&#10;C) disavows&#10;D) presupposes

Accepted Answer

Categorization presupposes diversity because it involves grouping different items based on common characteristics, implying that there is an inherent variety or diversity among the items being categorized.

Question 5

According to the text, neo-essentialism is not the straightjacket of Plato's _______________ essentialism, or even Aristotle's ____________ essentialism.&#10;A) natural, classical&#10;B) natural, transcendental&#10;C) transcendental, natural&#10;D) classical, transcendental

Accepted Answer

The text specifically mentions that neo-essentialism differs from "Plato's transcendental essentialism" and "even Aristotle's natural essentialism". Therefore, the correct choices are C - "transcendental, natural".

Question 6

____________ is the process of taking causal explanations from higher, fuzzier levels, to deeper, more precise levels.&#10;A) Constructionism&#10;B) Reductionism&#10;C) Origin essentialism&#10;D) Anti-essentialism

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is reductionism, which involves breaking down complex phenomena into smaller, more understandable parts. This is in contrast to constructionism, which emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping our understanding of the world. Origin essentialism and anti-essentialism are both philosophical positions regarding the nature of identity and essential characteristics of individuals or groups, and are not directly related to the process of causal explanation.

Question 7

The reductionist goal of _______________ is intimately tied to the determinist goal of __________.&#10;A) explanation, prediction&#10;B) prediction, explanation&#10;C) explanation, evaluation&#10;D) simplification, explanation

Accepted Answer

The reductionist goal of explanation aims to break down complex phenomena into their constituent parts, thus simplifying them and making them easier to understand. The determinist goal of prediction seeks to identify causal relationships between these parts, and to use this knowledge to predict future events or outcomes. These two goals are intimately tied together, as the reduction of complexity through explanation makes it easier to identify causal relationships, allowing for more accurate predictions of future events.

Question 8

___________ describes the relationship between a young and insecure science and its adjacent older science.&#10;A) Reductionism&#10;B) Shared empiricism&#10;C) Antidiscipline&#10;D) Inverse empiricism

Accepted Answer

Antidiscipline describes the relationship between a young and insecure science and its adjacent older science, as it often challenges or diverges from established norms and methodologies.

Question 9

According to Peterson (1997), most contemporary ______________ prefer to regard people as biopsychosocial beings, believing that people and their behavior are best explained in terms of relevant biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences.

A) biologists
B) psychologists
C) sociologists
D) philosophers

Accepted Answer

Peterson (1997) specifically references the belief that people and behavior are best explained in terms of relevant biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences, which falls under the domain of psychology.

Question 10

_______________ means that higher-level phenomena can be fully explained by lower-level properties, and that the higher-level properties have no causal impact independent of their parts.&#10;A) Holistic reductionism&#10;B) Empirical reductionism&#10;C) Casual reductionism&#10;D) Eliminative reductionism

Accepted Answer

Eliminative reductionism is the view that higher-level phenomena (such as mental states or concepts) can be eliminated and fully explained by lower-level properties and that the higher-level properties have no causal impact independent of their parts.

Question 11

__________ is a series of self-organizing processes that produce qualitative &#34;novelties&#34; that cannot be fully expressed as the sums of the quantitative propertied of the constituent parts.&#10;A) Antireductionism&#10;B) Contingency&#10;C) Emergence&#10;D) Totality

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ is a series of self-organizing processes...

Question 12

According to the text, ___________ has made its greatest strides when it has picked apart wholes to examine the parts, and in doing so has gained a better understanding of the wholes they constitute.&#10;A) science&#10;B) reductionism&#10;C) philosophy&#10;D) sociology

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, ___________ has made...

Question 13

Essentialism does not claim that all members of a class of people are identical, only that they share the same essential properties that mark them as one thing rather than another.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Essentialism does not claim that all members...

Question 14

All criminological theories that have evolved under sociology's wing are reductionist from a sociological point of view because they appeal to individuals, their natures, and their motivations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All criminological theories that have evolved under...

Question 15

The philosophical concepts most often used pejoratively by social scientists are most probably social constructionism and reductionism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The philosophical concepts most often used pejoratively...

Deck 4: Essentialism and Reductionism: Enemies or Friends?