Question 1

__________ is a philosophy of knowledge maintaining that concepts, practices, beliefs, and sometimes facts are artifacts of a particular time and place.&#10;A) Realism&#10;B) Social constructionism&#10;C) Determinism&#10;D) Local temporalism

Accepted Answer

Social constructionism is a philosophy that asserts that concepts, practices, beliefs, and sometimes facts are not universally true or absolute, but rather are shaped and constructed by social, cultural, and historical contexts. Therefore, social constructionists view knowledge and reality as being socially constructed rather than objectively determined. The other options such as realism, determinism, and local temporalism do not have this philosophy of knowledge as their core tenet.

Question 2

_________ constructionists take a negative view of X and seek to modify it by pointing out the contingency of the disliked aspects of X.&#10;A) Historic&#10;B) Rebellious&#10;C) Reformist&#10;D) Ironic

Accepted Answer

Reformist constructionists take a critical view of X and aim to change it by highlighting the limitations and flaws of X. They seek to modify X by offering alternative perspectives and solutions. This approach is different from the historic constructionists who focus on understanding X in its historical context, rebellious constructionists who seek to subvert or resist X, and ironic constructionists who use satire and humor to criticize X.

Question 3

The ____________ constructionist is one who exposes the ideology and power relations that underlie X and is content to simply expose X, but not to refute it.&#10;A) revolutionary&#10;B) rebellious&#10;C) reformist&#10;D) unmasking

Accepted Answer

The unmasking constructionist exposes the underlying ideology and power relations of a particular concept or idea, but does not necessarily aim to challenge or refute it.

Question 4

The ____________ constructionist is an activist in the cause of eliminating X.&#10;A) revolutionary&#10;B) rebellious&#10;C) reformist&#10;D) unmasking

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ____________ constructionist is an activist in...

Question 5

The belief that not only are representations socially constructed, but the entities themselves to which these representations refer are socially constructed is known as _________.&#10;A) philosophical constructionism&#10;B) weak constructionism&#10;C) reality constructionism&#10;D) fact constructionism

Accepted Answer

The answer of The belief that not only are representations...

Question 6

The bedrock principle of postmodernism is that all worldviews are mediated by ________.&#10;A) nature&#10;B) language&#10;C) science&#10;D) wisdom

Accepted Answer

Postmodernism emphasizes that language is the primary tool for constructing and shaping our understanding of the world. It argues that all knowledge and reality is mediated through language and that different languages and cultural contexts create different realities. Therefore, the correct answer is B) language.

Question 7

Peacemaking criminology is a ___________ tradition and has a compassionate and spiritual spin.&#10;A) postmodernist&#10;B) critical realist&#10;C) modernist&#10;D) complementist

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking criminology is considered a postmodernist tradition because it challenges traditional criminology's focus on the criminal justice system and seeks alternative, compassionate, and holistic approaches to addressing crime, emphasizing healing and reconciliation over punishment.

Question 8

Peacemaking criminology relies heavily on the concept of ____________.&#10;A) love and forgiveness&#10;B) appreciative realism&#10;C) appreciative relativism&#10;D) extensive therapy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Peacemaking criminology relies heavily on the concept...

Question 9

A philosophical position at the interstices of modernism and postmodernism and strong realism and strong relativism is ___________.&#10;A) appreciative realism&#10;B) appreciative relativism&#10;C) critical constructionism&#10;D) critical realism

Accepted Answer

The philosophical position that falls at the interstices of modernism and postmodernism, and strong realism and strong relativism is critical realism. It acknowledges the existence of an objective reality, but also recognizes that our understanding of it is shaped by our subjective experiences and interpretations. Critical realism is often associated with the works of philosopher Roy Bhaskar.

Question 10

The claim that the success of science, particularly of the hard sciences, strongly suggests a lot about the way things &#34;really&#34; are is called:&#10;A) critical realism&#10;B) appreciative relativism&#10;C) na&#239;ve realism&#10;D) natural empiricism

Accepted Answer

The claim that the success of science suggests that the way things "really" are is called naïve realism. This view suggests that scientific knowledge directly represents reality, and that the things we apprehend through our senses are the same things that exist in the world. However, this view has been criticized as oversimplified and ignores the role that our own cognitive processes, linguistic frameworks, and cultural influences play in shaping our understanding of reality.

Question 11

According to the text, criminality is a ____________ trait.&#10;A) genotypic trait&#10;B) continuous&#10;C) phenotypic&#10;D) b and c only

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, criminality is a...

Question 12

Meta-analyses of behavior genetic studies show a broad heritability of at least _____ for antisocial behavior.&#10;A) 10%&#10;B) 30%&#10;C) 50%&#10;D) 75%

Accepted Answer

The answer of Meta-analyses of behavior genetic studies show a...

Question 13

Nature can be considered a socially constructed idea.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nature can be considered a socially constructed...

Question 14

Postmodernists claim that the science of society is the language of the rich and powerful

Accepted Answer

The answer of Postmodernists claim that the science of society...

Question 15

An example of the moralistic fallacy would be to say that violence is a bad thing and therefore cannot be part of human nature.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An example of the moralistic fallacy would...

Deck 2: Social Constructionism Versus Science in Criminology