Question 1

Which theorist wrote A Theory of Justice, which discussed concepts such as the &#34;original position&#34; and &#34;veil of ignorance&#34;?&#10;A) Durkheim&#10;B) Rawls&#10;C) Aristotle&#10;D) Locke

Accepted Answer

John Rawls wrote A Theory of Justice, in which he introduced the concepts of "original position" and "veil of ignorance" to discuss the principles of justice and fairness in a society.

Question 2

In Rawls's &#34;original position&#34;:&#10;A) humans were &#34;brutal beasts&#34;&#10;B) humans were &#34;noble savages&#34;&#10;C) humans were &#34;mutually disinterested&#34; in one another&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

In Rawls's "original position," individuals are considered to be "mutually disinterested" in one another, meaning they are not inherently hostile or altruistic towards each other but rather are primarily concerned with their own interests. This concept is a part of Rawls's theory of justice, where he imagines a hypothetical scenario in which individuals choose principles of justice from behind a "veil of ignorance," unaware of their own place in society.

Question 3

&#34;Treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to relevant differences&#34; is Aristotle's definition of:&#10;A) justice&#10;B) law&#10;C) fairness&#10;D) equality

Accepted Answer

Aristotle's definition of justice involves the fair and equal treatment of equals, while also recognizing and accounting for relevant differences among unequals. This concept is commonly referred to as "justice as fairness" and is a fundamental principle in many legal and ethical systems. While concepts such as law, fairness, and equality are all related to justice, Aristotle's specific definition pertains directly to the idea of justice itself.

Question 4

Equity theory:&#10;A) is based on the assumption that humans seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs&#10;B) asserts that outcomes are just in social relationships when those who have made the largest contributions receive the greatest rewards&#10;C) emphasizes rational judgments of morality and fairness&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

Equity theory is based on the assumption that humans seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs, and asserts that outcomes are just in social relationships when those who have made the largest contributions receive the greatest rewards. It also emphasizes rational judgments of morality and fairness. Therefore, option D "all the above" is the correct answer.

Question 5

According to the text, we recognize justice because we recognize:&#10;A) injustice&#10;B) fairness&#10;C) equality&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

Justice is often recognized in contrast to injustice, as identifying what is unjust helps us understand what is just.

Question 6

Evolutionary biologists aver that fairness is motivated by:&#10;A) justice&#10;B) altruism&#10;C) selfishness&#10;D) desire

Accepted Answer

Fairness in evolutionary biology is often motivated by selfishness, as individuals may act fairly to others to maintain cooperative relationships that ultimately benefit themselves. This perspective suggests that fairness can be a strategy to ensure reciprocal benefits rather than purely altruistic behavior.

Question 7

The three founding fathers of sociology are:&#10;A) Durkheim, Rawls, and Locke&#10;B) Durkheim, Marx, and Weber&#10;C) Marx, Rousseau, and Hobbes&#10;D) Locke, Hobbes, and Rawls

Accepted Answer

The three founding fathers of sociology are Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. Durkheim is known for his work on social solidarity and social facts. Marx is known for his work on class and capitalism. Weber is known for his work on bureaucracy and the Protestant work ethic.

Question 8

Acts that are culturally specific are considered:&#10;A) mala prohibita&#10;B) mala in se&#10;C) Part I offenses&#10;D) Part II offenses

Accepted Answer

Acts that are culturally specific are considered mala prohibita, meaning they are criminal offenses because they are prohibited by law rather than inherently wrong or immoral (mala in se). Part I and Part II offenses refer to the classification of crimes based on their severity, but do not relate to the cultural specificity of an act.

Question 9

Experience-expected mechanisms:&#10;A) reflect the brain's ontogenic plasticity&#10;B) depend on experience acquired in the organism's developmental environment&#10;C) are hard-wired and shared by all members of a species and reflect its phylogenic history&#10;D) involve collaboration of genetic and environmental influences across the lifespan

Accepted Answer

Experience-expected mechanisms are hard-wired and shared by all members of a species, reflecting its phylogenic history, as they are evolutionary adaptations that anticipate certain environmental inputs for normal development.

Question 10

Which of the following is the extending of a benefit to another with the unspoken expectation of obtaining a like benefit from the recipient as some later date?&#10;A) selfishness&#10;B) reciprocal altruism&#10;C) empathy&#10;D) cooperation

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal altruism involves extending a benefit to another with the expectation of obtaining a like benefit from the recipient at some later time. It is not selfishness because the individual is still helping someone else, but with the expectation of eventually receiving help in return. Empathy and cooperation do not involve the expectation of receiving a benefit in return.

Question 11

Unconditional cooperators are also known as:&#10;A) grudgers&#10;B) cheats&#10;C) cooperators&#10;D) suckers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unconditional cooperators are also known as:&#10;A) grudgers&#10;B)...

Question 12

Chronic cheaters are also known as:&#10;A) grudgers&#10;B) cheats&#10;C) suckers&#10;D) criminals

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chronic cheaters are also known as:&#10;A) grudgers&#10;B)...

Question 13

Fairness is a process by which we expect to &#34;make things right.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fairness is a process by which we...

Question 14

In the unconstrained view, unequal outcomes are considered fair if the process is fair, and the process is fair if everyone is subjected to the same rules and judged by the same standards.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the unconstrained view, unequal outcomes are...

Question 15

Unconstrained visionaries tend to value Kant's deontological ethics whereby only &#34;good&#34; intentions are moral.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unconstrained visionaries tend to value Kant's deontological...

Deck 14: Origins of the Intuition of Justice