Question 1

Feminism:&#10;A) is a set of theories and strategies for social change that takes gender as their central focus&#10;B) is a social movement&#10;C) holds that women suffer oppression and discrimination in a society run for men by men&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

Feminism encompasses all three options - it is a set of theories and strategies for social change that focuses on gender, it is a social movement, and it recognizes that women face oppression and discrimination in a society that is controlled by men.

Question 2

Environmental feminists:&#10;A) view gender differences as solely resulting from gender socialization and gender roles&#10;B) view gender differences as residing in the brain and ultimately resting on Darwinian sexual selection&#10;C) reject the scientific method as commonly understood&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

Environmental feminists view gender differences as solely resulting from gender socialization and gender roles. They argue that patriarchal societies have created and perpetuated gendered roles that have resulted in the oppression of women and the destruction of the environment. They believe that by breaking down these gendered roles, society can work towards a more sustainable and equitable future. They do not subscribe to the idea that gender differences are biological or rest on Darwinian sexual selection, and they do not reject the scientific method.

Question 3

Which of the following refers to one's biological status as a male or female based on chromosomal, hormonal, and gonadal distinctions?&#10;A) sex&#10;B) gender&#10;C) genotype&#10;D) phenotype

Accepted Answer

Sex refers to one's biological status as a male or female based on chromosomal, hormonal, and gonadal distinctions. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype refers to the observable physical or behavioral characteristics of an individual. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women.

Question 4

The concept of learning how to &#34;do gender&#34; is associated with which group of feminists?&#10;A) liberal&#10;B) evolutionary&#10;C) social constructionist&#10;D) environmental

Accepted Answer

The concept of "doing gender" is associated with social constructionist feminists, who believe that gender is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological one. They argue that gender is not simply a matter of being born male or female, but rather is something that is learned and performed through cultural and societal norms and expectations. The idea of "doing gender" refers to the ways in which individuals actively create and perform gender through various behaviors, attitudes, and interactions.

Question 5

Research presented in the text found that gender differences __________ as gender equality increases.&#10;A) decrease&#10;B) increase&#10;C) stayed the same&#10;D) were irrelevant

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research presented in the text found that...

Question 6

Parenting effort:&#10;A) is the proportion of reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring&#10;B) is the proportion of reproductive effort allotted to acquiring sexual partners&#10;C) is more typical of females&#10;D) a and c only

Accepted Answer

Parenting effort refers to the proportion of reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring. This is more typical of females as they generally invest more in parental care than males. Therefore, option A and C are correct. Option B is incorrect as acquiring sexual partners is part of mating effort, which is different from parental effort.

Question 7

Traits that facilitate mating effort:&#10;A) are associated with prosocial behaviors&#10;B) are associated with antisocial behaviors&#10;C) include empathy and altruism&#10;D) a and c only

Accepted Answer

Traits that facilitate mating effort, such as dominance, aggression, and risk-taking, are often associated with antisocial behaviors. They may enhance an individual's ability to attract sexual partners, but at the cost of disregarding the interests and well-being of others. Prosocial behaviors, empathy, and altruism are more likely to promote long-term relationships and cooperative interactions, but may not be as effective in short-term mating contexts.

Question 8

The generalizability problem:&#10;A) attempts to explain the universal fact that women are far less likely than men to involve themselves in criminal activity&#10;B) is the quest to find theories that account equally for male and female offending&#10;C) attempts to explain why men tend to have more sexual partners than women&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

The generalizability problem refers to the issue of whether or not theories developed from studies of one group, such as men, can be applied or generalized to other groups, such as women. Option B best describes this concept by stating the need for theories that account equally for male and female offending, which is a prime example of the generalizability problem. Options A and C do not accurately describe the generalizability problem.

Question 9

When male crime rates increase, rates of female offending:&#10;A) also increase&#10;B) decrease&#10;C) stay constant&#10;D) There is no correlation between these two variables.

Accepted Answer

When male crime rates increase, there is often a corresponding increase in female offending rates. This can be due to various factors, including social, economic, and environmental influences that affect both genders.

Question 10

Freda Adler's masculinization hypothesis:&#10;A) asserts that increased participation in the work force affords women greater opportunities to commit job-related crime&#10;B) suggests that women's &#34;motivation to kill&#34; arises from the exploitation, frustration, and dependency that comes from the traditional housewife role&#10;C) concludes that with the decrease in sex-segregated roles, we should eventually see a convergence of male and female crime rates&#10;D) asserts that both increasing crime and growing poverty rates among women are indirectly related to the women's liberation movement

Accepted Answer

The masculinization hypothesis states that as gender roles become less segregated and women adopt more traditionally masculine roles in areas like the workforce, rates of criminal behavior among women will approach those of men. Therefore, C is the correct choice as it directly relates to the conclusion of this hypothesis. Choices A, B, and D are all incorrect as they do not accurately reflect Adler's theory.

Question 11

The economic marginalization hypothesis:&#10;A) asserts that increased participation in the work force affords women greater opportunities to commit job-related crime&#10;B) suggests that women's &#34;motivation to kill&#34; arises from the exploitation, frustration, and dependency that comes from the traditional housewife role&#10;C) concludes that with the decrease in sex-segregated roles, we should eventually see a convergence of male and female crime rates&#10;D) asserts that both increasing crime and growing poverty rates among women are indirectly related to the women's liberation movement

Accepted Answer

The answer of The economic marginalization hypothesis:&#10;A) asserts that increased...

Question 12

The core concepts and concerns of feminism include:&#10;A) gender&#10;B) patriarchy&#10;C) oppression&#10;D) all the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The core concepts and concerns of feminism...

Question 13

According to the text, research has shown that children strongly resist efforts to get them to play with opposite-sex toys or to play in sex-integrated groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, research has shown...

Question 14

According to the text, women have had lower rates of crime in all nations, in all communities within nations, for all age groups, and all periods in recorded history and for practically all crimes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, women have had...

Question 15

Males are consistently and strongly found to be higher on all traits linked to prosocial behavior, while females consistently show higher levels of all traits linked to antisocial behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Males are consistently and strongly found to...

Deck 13: Feminist Criminology and Contending Metaphysics