Deck 4: Probation and Community Corrections

Question 1

In 2018 there were about ______ people on probation in the United States.

A) 540,000
B) 1.35 million
C) 3.7 million
D) over 10 million

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Conditional freedom granted to an offender by a court defines:

A) excommunication
B) parole
C) probation
D) pardon

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In 1878 the first state to adopt a statewide probation statute was:

A) Michigan
B) Pennsylvania
C) New York
D) Massachusetts

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Probation evolved during what is generally known as the __________ (1890 to 1920).

A) progressive era
B) good government era
C) industrial revolution
D) age of enlightenment

Question 5

The process of removing youthful or minor offenders from the justice system in order to minimize the stigma that might attach to them is called:

A) division
B) diversion
C) decriminalization
D) prisonization

Question 6

Diversion is largely based on the criminological theory known as:

A) labeling
B) radicalism
C) social learning
D) behaviorism

Question 7

What do we call the process that brings more people under some form of social control as the result of creating new programs or organizations?

A) labeling
B) decreased minority contact
C) house arrest
D) net widening

Question 8

As far as we know from public records, which country has the world's highest rate of incarceration?

A) Saudi Arabia
B) Canada
C) United States
D) France

Question 9

Overwhelmingly the highest percentage of people on probation are:

A) female
B) male
C) American Indian
D) African American

Question 10

Which of the following states is not among those with the highest rates of probationers?

A) Indiana
B) Utah
C) Minnesota
D) Ohio

Question 11

In terms of probation violations, any offense not associated with a criminal act can be considered a _________ violation.

A) substitutionary
B) retained
C) legal
D) technical

Question 12

Who has the authority to revoke an offender's probation?

A) any police officer
B) the prosecuting attorney
C) a judge
D) a grand jury

Question 13

All of the following can be considered intermediate sanctions except:

A) community residential centers
B) house arrest
C) standard probation
D) intensive supervised probation

Question 14

Some jurisdictions have created specialized courts to deal with social problems such as substance abuse and mental health.

Question 15

The vast majority of people supervised by the corrections component of the criminal justice system are on probation.

Question 16

Bureau of Justice Statistics numbers show that the proportion of women on probation has increased.

Question 17

When a probationer has absconded, it means that he/she has failed a drug test.

Question 18

In 2016 over 80% of probationers in the United States successfully completed their term of probation.

Question 19

A community residential center may also be called a halfway house.

Question 20

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of United States v. Birnbaum (1970) the Court held that probation is a constitutionally protected right.

Question 21

Probation officers in the United States are considered peace officers and, thus, they must carry firearms.

Question 22

Judges base their sentencing decisions on probation officers' presentence investigation reports.

Question 23

The use of the risk-need-responsibility approach by probation agencies is designed to reduce recidivism by probationers.

Question 24

Define, describe, and explain the concept of probation. What are some of the historical factors leading to the creation of modern-day probation?

Question 25

What is the purpose of diversion in the criminal justice system? Upon what assumptions is this practice based? For whom is diversion most appropriate?

Question 26

List and discuss at least five (5) conditions imposed on most probationers.

Question 27

What do we mean by intermediate sanctions? Give examples of these types of punishments.

Question 28

List and discuss the four different roles or orientations exhibited by probation officers.