Deck 2: A Brief History of Punishments and Corrections

Question 1

According to the book, the ancient Greeks used all of the following methods of execution except:

A) stoning
B) crucifixion
C) drowning
D) hanging

Answer 1

hanging

Question 2

The common-law system was introduced to the North American colonies by the:

A) Dutch
B) French
C) Spanish
D) English

Answer 2

English

Question 3

Repayment of to a victim for losses suffered describes:

A) restitution
B) retribution
C) rehabilitation
D) reintegration

Answer 3

restitution

Question 4

The Code of Hammurabi proposed penalties and punishments for the kingdom of:

A) Babylon
B) Assyria
C) Judea
D) Egypt

Question 5

Church law is also known as:

A) equity
B) criminal law
C) canon law
D) civil law

Question 6

___________ used to publicly shame offenders were constructed of wood with spaces for the individual's head and hands.

A) Restraints
B) Gallows
C) Shackles
D) Pillories

Question 7

Originally in England jails were known as:

A) workhouses
B) gaols
C) debtors' prisons
D) penitentiaries

Question 8

The English often used decommissioned ships known as ________ to house jails inmates.

A) barges
B) dungeons
C) husks
D) hulks

Question 9

For most of U.S. history local jails have been operated by which of the following?

A) jail administrators
B) state corrections departments
C) county sheriffs
D) town councils

Question 10

Which of the following has been associated with the reform of jails in England?

A) Sir Walter Raleigh
B) Zebulon Brockway
C) John Howard
D) Charles Dickens

Question 11

Which of the following early U.S. prison systems was associated with inmate silence and isolation?

A) the Pennsylvania system
B) the Auburn system
C) the Maryland system
D) the Georgia system

Question 12

In the early twentieth century the ________ model became the dominant approach to prisoner management.

A) remedial
B) medical
C) restorative
D) integrative

Question 13

The ________ model rests on the assumption that individuals commit crimes of their own free will and, thus, deserve to be punished.

A) justice
B) reintegration
C) humanitarian
D) socialist

Question 14

Which of the following individuals was associated with his role as the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York?

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Zebulon Brockway
C) John Howard
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 15

A community's informal rules governing everyday life are called norms.

Question 16

The punishment described as an "eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" is associated with the Roman law provided for in the Twelve Tables.

Question 17

Most former British colonies operate under a system of law known as the Napoleonic Code.

Question 18

History demonstrates that the poor are almost always disadvantaged before the legal system.

Question 19

Historically some offenders were branded with letters that indicated the offenses they committed.

Question 20

Transportation to penal colonies was one way the English and French dealt with convicted offenders.

Question 21

Early American jails often were operated under what was called a fee system.

Question 22

The Auburn prison system required inmates to be housed in isolation and to maintain silence.

Question 23

Prison chain gangs largely emerged in Northern states along the Atlantic seaboard.

Question 24

In the early twentieth century some Southern states used inmate guards called trustees to carry out many of the jobs in prisons.

Question 25

When penitentiaries first emerged they were hailed as great innovations in the history of punishment. What were the purposes for which these institutions were established, and what were some of the assumptions or principles on which they were based?

Question 26

The English (and others) used banishment to penal colonies as a form of punishment for a considerable period of time. What factors lead to the use of such punishment?

Question 27

Some people have suggested the return of corporal (physical) punishment such as the stocks or caning would be as effective as and less costly than imprisonment. How do you react to this proposal and why?

Question 28

Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania and Auburn prison systems. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?

Question 29

What is meant by the medical model of corrections? What are the assumptions upon which such a model is based?