Deck 4: Origins and the Diaspora Begins: C 200,000 Years Ago and Later

Question 1

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens spread from Africa into East and Southeast Asia by about __________.

A) 5,000 years ago
B) 20,000 years ago
C) 70,000 years ago
D) 100,000 years ago

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In the year A. D. 1772, a small band of seamen led by French explorer Marion du Fresne landed on a sandy beach in southern __________ far off the southern coast of Australia.

A) New Zealand
B) Pitcairn Island
C) North Island
D) Tasmania

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Steven Mithen, archaic humans lacked which one vital component of the modern mind?

A) intelligence
B) cognitive dissonance
C) cognitive flexibility
D) spatial apperception

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The multiregional model hypothesizes that human populations throughout __________ evolved independently, first to archaic H. sapiens, then to fully modern humans.

A) the Old World
B) Africa
C) Australia
D) Southeast Asia

Question 5

The multiregional model hypothesizes that human populations have been separated from each other for approximately how long?

A) 500,000 years
B) 4 million years
C) 2 million years
D) 150,000 years

Question 6

The out-of-Africa model takes the diametrically opposite view of the multiregional model. According to it, H. sapiens evolved in one place, then spread to __________.

A) all other parts of the Old World
B) Asia
C) N. America via the Bering land bridge
D) Sundha and Sahul

Question 7

In contrast to earlier, still rather shadowy humans, all known human finds in Africa dating to later than __________ are fully modern, by which time it's clear that the anatomical transition was complete.

A) 80,000 year ago
B) 120,000 years ago
C) 175,000 years ago
D) 250,000 years ago

Question 8

What is a useful tool for calibrating mutation rates because it accumulates mutations much faster than nuclear DNA?

A) radiometric dating
B) RNA
C) endonuclease screening
D) mtDNA

Question 9

Today, with data from the entire mtDNA genome, there is evidence that __________ display more diverse types of mitochondrial DNA than other present-day populations elsewhere in the world, a finding that suggests they had more time to develop such __________.

A) Africans/mutations
B) Europeans/mutations
C) Asians/mutations
D) Africans/polymorphisms

Question 10

__________ first appeared at a time of constant long-term climatic change, reflected in the Northern Hemisphere by long glacial periods separated by shorter warmer intervals.

A) Modern humans
B) Asians
C) Europeans
D) Africans

Question 11

From an archaeologist's point of view, identifying __________ is virtually impossible, except from the occasional dated archaeological site with human remains and distinctive artifacts.

A) Homo sapiens remains
B) Neanderthal campsites
C) migration patterns
D) population movements

Question 12

Stephen Oppenheimer (2008) believes that anatomically modern humans first moved rapidly out of Africa along a huge arc of coastline from Africa, around the coasts of the __________ Ocean.

A) Pacific
B) Atlantic
C) Indian
D) Southern

Question 13

The Mt. Toba disaster some 70,000 years ago may have led to a serious human genetic bottleneck which resulted in __________.

A) several mutations that changed skin pigmentation
B) little genetic diversity amongst present humans
C) major changes in tool technology
D) an explosion of artwork as human cognition adapted to the disaster

Question 14

Cognitive abilities like fluent speech, enhanced planning abilities, and powerful intellectual skills are __________, which makes it extremely difficult to establish quite when anatomically modern humans acquired modern forms of human behavior.

A) challenging
B) intangibles
C) ephemeral
D) didactic

Question 15

__________, on the Indian Ocean shore near the southern tip of South Africa, has yielded extensive occupation deposits dating to at least 65,000 years ago, where numerous finely bladed tools, spear points (including some flaked with pressure, a much later innovation in Europe), and some possible bone points were found.

A) Shanidar Cave
B) Sibudu Cave
C) Blombos Cave
D) Petrolona Cave

Question 16

__________, in South Africa, has yielded a bone projectile point, a spatula-like tool for hide working, and a needlelike object, from a layer dating to about 61,000 years ago.

A) Shanidar Cave
B) Sibudu Cave
C) Blombos Cave
D) Petrolona Cave

Question 17

At the height of the last glaciation, about 18,000 years ago, sea levels were over _________ below modern levels. Dry land joined Sumatra to __________.

A) 100 m (300 feet)/Borneo
B) 50 m (~150 feet)/Sarawak
C) 150 m (~500 feet)/Brunei
D) 75 m (~240 feet)/Madagascar

Question 18

The earliest evidence for human settlement in New Guinea comes from the highlands at about __________ years ago.

A) 18,000
B) 22,000
C) 38,000
D) 45,000

Question 19

Approximately how long ago did people start deep ocean fishing?

A) 18,000 years ago
B) 28,000 years ago
C) 45,000 years ago
D) 8,000 years ago

Question 20

Tasmania is now an island, but a land bridge connected it to mainland Australia for at least __________ years of the late Ice Age, so that first settlement was a matter of hunting and foraging across dry land.

A) 18,000
B) 22,000
C) 38,000
D) 55,000

Question 21

The __________ hypothesis argues for independent evolution by region.

A) out-of-Africa
B) replacement
C) multiregional
D) morph

Question 22

The __________ model hypothesizes that human populations across the Old World evolved in one place (Africa) and spread to other parts of the world.

A) out-of-Africa
B) continuity
C) multiregional
D) single species

Question 23

Mitochondrial DNA research suggests that anatomically modern humans developed in __________.

A) Asia
B) Europe
C) Australia
D) Africa

Question 24

Discuss the implications of Neanderthals and modern humans coexisting as has been found at sites such as Qafzeh and St. Césaire.

Question 25

Compare and contrast the multiregional model of modern human origins with the out-of-Africa model.