Question 1

Which of these is not an essential element of program management in public health?&#10;A) Visionary leadership&#10;B) The efficient-effective allocation of resources&#10;C) A carefully designed program hypothesis&#10;D) The development of objectives

Accepted Answer

Visionary leadership, while beneficial, is not considered an essential element specifically for program management in public health, which focuses more on practical aspects like resource allocation, program hypothesis, and objective development.

Question 2

Preventive interventions that target entire populations are considered clinical prevention.

Accepted Answer

Preventive interventions that target entire populations are considered public health prevention, not clinical prevention, which focuses on individual patient care.

Question 3

&#34;Within 5 years, cancer deaths from endometrial cancer will decrease by 25%&#34; is an example of what kind of objective?&#10;A) Process objective&#10;B) Impact objective&#10;C) Short-term objective&#10;D) Outcome objective

Accepted Answer

This objective is an outcome objective as it specifies a desired result (decrease in cancer deaths) that can be measured and achieved over a period of time (5 years).

Question 4

Which of these questions is best answered by an intervention's efficacy?&#10;A) Does the intervention work under ideal circumstances?&#10;B) Does the intervention work in communities in our jurisdiction?&#10;C) Why does the intervention work?&#10;D) Is this intervention cost-effective?

Accepted Answer

Efficacy refers to the ability of an intervention to produce a desired effect or result in a controlled environment or under ideal circumstances. Therefore, the best question that can be answered by an intervention's efficacy is whether the intervention works under ideal circumstances.

Question 5

Which of these questions is best answered by an intervention's effectiveness?&#10;A) Does the intervention work under ideal circumstances?&#10;B) Does the intervention work in communities in our jurisdiction?&#10;C) Why does the intervention work?&#10;D) Is this intervention cost-effective?

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of an intervention refers to whether or not it works in real-world settings, which includes communities within a jurisdiction. Ideal circumstances are not always attainable, so the focus of interventions should be on their effectiveness in real-world situations. The question of why the intervention works is related to its theory or mechanism of action, while cost-effectiveness is a separate concern.

Question 6

A program connotes a structured effort to provide a set of services or interventions that have common objectives.

Accepted Answer

A program is typically a structured and organized effort to achieve a specific set of goals or objectives through a series of services or interventions. It usually involves a defined set of activities, resources, and timelines, and often has a specific target population or audience that it aims to reach or benefit.

Question 7

When reviewing the quality of scientific evidence to assess the effectiveness of preventive services for specific interventions, reviewers give more weight to expert clinical opinion than results from randomized controlled trials.

Accepted Answer

Reviewers give more weight to results from randomized controlled trials than expert clinical opinion when assessing the effectiveness of preventive services for specific interventions.

Question 8

The best time to develop evaluation strategies is:&#10;A) at the beginning of the implementation phase.&#10;B) before programs are implemented.&#10;C) at the end of the implementation phase.&#10;D) at least 6 months before the program is completed.

Accepted Answer

The best time to develop evaluation strategies is before programs are implemented. This allows for clear goals and objectives to be established, as well as baseline data to be collected. It also ensures that evaluation activities are integrated into program planning and implementation from the beginning, leading to more effective and efficient evaluation. Waiting until the implementation phase or end of the program may result in missed opportunities for data collection and evaluation, or may lead to a lack of clarity regarding the program's intended outcomes. Starting at least 6 months before the program is completed may also be too late for meaningful evaluation.

Question 9

Family planning, high blood pressure control, and immunizations are examples of:&#10;A) health protection.&#10;B) health promotion.&#10;C) clinical preventive services.&#10;D) community preventive services.

Accepted Answer

Family planning, high blood pressure control, and immunizations are all clinical preventive services, which are actions taken to prevent the onset of disease or detect and treat it at an early stage. This is different from health promotion, which focuses on education and behavior change to improve overall health, and community preventive services, which involve broader public health interventions such as policies and environmental changes.

Question 10

Meaningful objectives should have five qualities summarized in the acronym SMART. This acronym includes which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)&#10;A) Time-Bound&#10;B) Serious&#10;C) Measurable&#10;D) Realistic

Accepted Answer

SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound. Therefore, time-bound, measurable, and realistic are included in the qualities of meaningful objectives. Seriousness, however, is not a necessary quality for objectives to be considered SMART.

Question 11

In program evaluation, doing things right refers to the performance of activities and the achievement of process objectives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In program evaluation, doing things right refers...

Question 12

Planning and evaluation constitute a linear, sequential process that should not be viewed as cyclical and interdependent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Planning and evaluation constitute a linear, sequential...

Question 13

An evidence-based public health program is one that is based on scientific evidence of efficacy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An evidence-based public health program is one...

Question 14

An evidence-based approach to public health includes which of the following steps? (Choose all that apply.)&#10;A) Assessing the community affected, quantifying the issue, and developing a concise problem statement&#10;B) Identifying possible interventions or services that have been shown to address the issue in other settings&#10;C) Developing program options, assessing their feasibility, and the potential benefits for the issue&#10;D) Implementing interventions and services based on political expediency

Accepted Answer

The answer of An evidence-based approach to public health includes...

Question 15

The Community Preventive Services Task Force has made recommendations regarding which of the following topics? (Choose all that apply.)&#10;A) Risk reduction interventions for adolescents&#10;B) Lifestyle interventions for persons with diabetes&#10;C) HIV screening recommendations&#10;D) Preventing motor vehicle injuries

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Community Preventive Services Task Force has...

Question 16

The US Preventive Services Task Force has made recommendations regarding which of the following interventions? (Choose all that apply.)&#10;A) Diet and physical activity promotion programs&#10;B) Aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease&#10;C) Cervical cancer screening&#10;D) Hepatitis B screening for pregnant women

Accepted Answer

The answer of The US Preventive Services Task Force has...

Question 17

The effectiveness of a service or intervention depends on individual and sociocultural characteristics of the targeted community, the resources available at the agency implementing the intervention, and political and economic considerations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effectiveness of a service or intervention...

Question 18

The distinctions between evidence-based approaches in medicine and public health generally center on differences in the quality of evidence: Medical studies often rely on cross-sectional and quasi-experimental designs, whereas public health interventions usually rely on randomized trials of individuals with a comparison or control group.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The distinctions between evidence-based approaches in medicine...

Question 19

Short term outcome objectives are those that are directly tied to program activities and can be assessed immediately after delivery of the program or service.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Short term outcome objectives are those that...

Question 20

Long-term outcome objectives are those that programs have the most control over.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Long-term outcome objectives are those that programs...

Deck 8: Managing Public Health Programs