Deck 13: Psychopathology: The Biology of Behavioral Disorders

Question 1

The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that

A) a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause.
B) schizophrenia often co-occurred in patients with sexually transmitted infections like syphilis.
C) both sexually transmitted infections and mental disorders can have a common viral cause.
D) people with paralytic dementia tend to be promiscuous.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were

A) exquisitely sensitive.
B) split from one another.
C) primitive and underdeveloped.
D) undifferentiated.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which response is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A) Social withdrawal
B) Blunted affect
C) Impoverished speech
D) Hallucinations

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A person whose brother has schizophrenia has a _______% chance of developing the disease as well.

A) 1
B) 9
C) 17
D) 48

Question 5

Which gene has been associated with schizophrenia?

A) neuregulin 1
B) DISC1
C) D₂
D) orexin

Question 6

The risk for developing schizophrenia is highest for which population?

A) Males who share the same blood type as their mothers
B) Individuals who were exposed to an infection during gestation
C) Adopted children
D) Females with increased hippocampal volume

Question 7

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from

A) a single dominant gene.
B) a marked anatomical abnormality.
C) intense episodes of personal and social stress.
D) the interaction of stress and genetic factors.

Question 8

Which statement about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?

A) Most patients with schizophrenia show enlargement of the lateral ventricles.
B) Enlarged ventricles results in reduced volume of other of other brain tissue.
C) Almost all patients with both schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles have denser tissue in other brain regions.
D) The extent of ventricular enlargement predicts how well a patient will respond to antipsychotic drugs.

Question 9

The enlarged ventricles in the brains of some patients with schizophrenia

A) is due to increased fluid pressure in the ventricles.
B) comes at the expense of volume of adjacent neural tissue.
C) is a side effect of drugs used to treat schizophrenia.
D) is due to gravity effects compressing the brainstem.

Question 10

PET brain studies of schizophrenia have shown

A) low metabolic activity throughout the brain.
B) less metabolic activity in the posterior lobes than in the frontal lobes.
C) reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other brain regions.
D) metabolic overactivation in the right hemisphere.

Question 11

Which statement about cortical thinning and the development of schizophrenia is true?

A) Thinning of cortical gray matter is abnormal and only observed adolescents with schizophrenia.
B) Thinning of cortical gray matter is a normal part of adolescent brain development and when it doesn't occur there is an increased risk of an individual developing schizophrenia.
C) Although thinning of cortical gray matter is a normal part of adolescent brain development, in schizophrenia, gray matter is lost over smaller regions and at a slower pace.
D) Although thinning of cortical gray matter is a normal part of adolescent brain development, in schizophrenia, gray matter is lost over wider regions and at a faster pace.

Question 12

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs that are also known as

A) benzodiazepines.
B) neuroleptics.
C) dopaminergic agonists.
D) MAO inhibitors.

Question 13

A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is

A) neurogenic ataxia.
B) ataxic dyskinesia.
C) neuroleptic ataxia.
D) tardive dyskinesia.

Question 14

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that clozapine

A) relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia via serotonin receptors.
B) can induce the release of norepinephrine.
C) relieves negative symptoms of schizophrenia via the GABA receptor.
D) in high doses triggers schizophrenia-like hallucinations.

Question 15

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors.

A) 5-HT_2A
B) D₁
C) NE
D) D₂

Question 16

The atypical neuroleptic clozapine raises problems for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia because clozapine

A) decreases serotonin release.
B) binds to GABA receptors.
C) can increase dopamine release.
D) relieves only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 17

On the basis of studies of the properties of phencyclidine (PCP), a _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been advanced.

A) serotonin
B) glutamate
C) GABA
D) dopamine

Question 18

PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?

A) Cholinergic
B) NMDA
C) D₂ dopaminergic
D) GABA

Question 19

Many first-generation neuroleptic drugs have a high affinity for postsynaptic _______ receptors, which they _______.

A) norepinephrine; activate
B) serotonin; activate
C) dopamine D₁; block
D) dopamine D₂; block

Question 20

According to the dopamine hypothesis, schizophrenia is caused by a(n) _______ of dopamine release or a(n) _______ of dopamine receptors.

A) excess; excess
B) deficit; deficit
C) excess; excess
D) deficit; excess

Question 21

Long-term motor problems associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs are symptoms of a disorder called

A) hypofrontality.
B) tardive dyskinesia.
C) paralytic dementia.
D) psychotomimetic.

Question 22

Prolonged treatment with traditional antipsychotic medications can lead to a sudden, dramatic increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, a condition known as

A) psychotomimeticry.
B) hypofrontality.
C) supersensitivity psychosis.
D) paralytic dementia.

Question 23

Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with _______ receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.

A) NMDA; glutamate
B) D₁; dopamine
C) nicotinic; ACh
D) 5-HT_2A; serotonin

Question 24

Antipsychotic drugs reduce the chance of relapse with in the first two years. What is their effect over the long-term?

A) Their beneficial effect increases.
B) Their beneficial effect is maintained through time.
C) Their beneficial effect is unpredictable.
D) Their beneficial effect decreases.

Question 25

As much as _______% of the adult population in the United States experiences psychiatric symptoms in the course of a year.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 19
D) 50

Question 26

Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?

A) LSD
B) Heroin
C) Amphetamine
D) Aspirin

Question 27

Treatment with l-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has been associated with the development of

A) Tourette's syndrome.
B) euphoria.
C) panic attacks.
D) schizophrenia-like symptoms.

Question 28

Compared with controls, during emotional processing depressed people show increased activation in the _______, and during cognitively demanding tasks they show increased activity in the _______.

A) anterior cingulate cortex; amygdala
B) amygdala; frontal lobes
C) parietal cortex; anterior cingulate cortex
D) frontal lobes; parietal cortex

Question 29

Which response is not a characteristic of the sleep of patients with depression?

A) Rapid onset of REM sleep
B) Increased amounts of REM in the first half of a sleep bout
C) Difficulty falling asleep
D) Excessive amounts of stage 3 slow wave sleep

Question 30

People with depression show different sleep patterns, a major one being a striking reduction of time spent in _______ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) REM

Question 31

Research has shown that if a suicidal person is prevented from committing suicide they will

A) be unlikely to ever try it again.
B) use more lethal means the next time they try.
C) attempt to do it again within the next 6 months.
D) attempt to do it again after 6 months.

Question 32

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that

A) depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses.
B) depression is a result of too much stimulation at monoamine at synapses.
C) monoamine is absent in very depressed people.
D) monoamine is overproduced in very depressed people.

Question 33

The concordance rate for depression disorders in identical twins is about _______ compared to _______ for fraternal twins.

A) 15%; 5%
B) 20%; 10%
C) 30%; 15%
D) 40%; 20%

Question 34

Which statement most accurately describes the role of heredity in depression?

A) There is no evidence to suggest hereditary component in depression.
B) Researchers have isolated a gene that is directly associated with depression.
C) Increase susceptibility for depression can be inherited, though there is no single gene responsible for depression.
D) Depression is a sex-linked inherited disorder.

Question 35

Which method has not been used to treat depression?

A) Electroconvulsive shock therapy
B) Stimulation of the vagus nerve
C) Cognitive behavioral therapy
D) Cingulotomy

Question 36

A clinician is debating whether to prescribe SSRI drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for an individual with significant depressive symptoms. In order to potentially reach the best outcome in this case, which option would the clinician would likely prescribe?

A) CBT, since its relapse rate is lower
B) SSRIs, since there is a longer history of their use
C) A combination of CBT and SSRIs for the greatest effect
D) An alternation of the two treatments, but not both at once

Question 37

Which potential antidepressant currently under study has the potential benefit that it relieves depression almost instantly, in contrast to SSRIs and SNRIs, which must be taken for several weeks before the effect is felt?

A) Ketamine (similar to PCP)
B) Elavil
C) Wellbutrin
D) Marplan

Question 38

Tricyclic antidepressants

A) inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
B) inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine.
C) block the active sites of three specific serotonin receptors.
D) block cholinergic synapses.

Question 39

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as a treatment for

A) bipolar disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) depression.
D) Tourette's syndrome.

Question 40

A treatment for depression that is about as effective as SSRI treatment is called

A) cognitive behavioral therapy.
B) dyskinesia.
C) phencyclidine treatment.
D) electroconvulsive shock therapy.

Question 41

_______ pregnant women will show symptoms of depression.

A) One out of every 10
B) One out of every 7
C) About 50% of
D) Almost all

Question 42

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated fluctuations of episodes of _______ and _______.

A) REM sleep; wakefulness
B) dyskinesia; paresis
C) depression; mania
D) auditory hallucinations; visual hallucinations

Question 43

Which statement provides evidence that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia?

A) New antipsychotic drugs appear to exacerbate the manic behavior in both disorders.
B) People with bipolar disorder have relatively small hippocampi.
C) Families with a history of bipolar disorder are more likely than other families to contain individuals with schizophrenia.
D) Cognitive behavior therapy is not an effective treatment for either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Question 44

Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because

A) the side effects are unbearable.
B) it interacts with his dietary choices, resulting in bad headaches.
C) it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase.
D) he feels like a zombie when takes it.

Question 45

The _______ model of depression involves a repetitive stressful stimulus, such as electric shock, from which there is no escape.

A) conditioned
B) learned helplessness
C) psychotomimetic
D) electroconvulsive

Question 46

Which procedure in animals produces a state that serves as a model of human depression?

A) Castration
B) Frontal lobotomy
C) Removal of the olfactory bulb
D) Removal of the cerebellum

Question 47

Some people who suffer from recurrent panic attacks have abnormalities in the

A) temporal lobe.
B) posterior parietal cortex.
C) occipital lobe.
D) superior frontal gyrus.

Question 48

Benzodiazepines enhance GABA-mediated _______, reducing the excitability of postsynaptic neurons.

A) action potentials
B) postsynaptic inhibition
C) depolarization
D) second messenger signaling

Question 49

Drugs used to treat anxiety are collectively known as _______; a major class of these drugs-the benzodiazepines-exert their effects through interactions with _______ receptors.

A) psychotomimetics; glutamate
B) SSRIs; dopamine
C) tricyclics; acetylcholine
D) anxiolytics; GABA

Question 50

A psychobiological model of PTSD draws connections among the symptoms and neural mechanisms of _______, behavioral sensitization, and _______.

A) fear conditioning; extinction
B) trauma activation; conditioning
C) stress remembrance; cognitive associations
D) reactive encoding; retrieval

Question 51

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

A) poor fear conditioning.
B) the failure of mechanisms to forget.
C) sensitization.
D) memory rumination.

Question 52

Some patients with posttraumatic stress disorder have anatomical anomalies of the

A) hippocampus.
B) basal ganglia.
C) olfactory pathways.
D) caudate nucleus.

Question 53

People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in

A) dopamine.
B) testosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) acetylcholine

Question 54

Which drug type has been shown to inhibit the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) Tricyclic antidepressants
B) SSRIs
C) Typical neuroleptics
D) Benzodiazepines

Question 55

Which response is the most commonly exhibited OCD symptom?

A) Intrusive nonsense vocalizations
B) Performing excessive or ritualized behaviors related to obsessions
C) Sudden angry outbursts
D) Fatigue

Question 56

Which symptom is an example of an obsession?

A) Checking 15 times that all doors and windows are locked before leaving the house
B) An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment
C) Ritualized hand washing once per hour
D) The overpowering need to repeatedly go in and out of a door

Question 57

OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders.

A) PTSD
B) schizophrenia
C) Tourette's syndrome
D) bipolar disorder

Question 58

Which last-resort psychosurgical intervention has been shown to produce reduction in the strength of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms?

A) Rhizotomy
B) Lesion of the globus pallidus
C) Cingulotomy
D) Sectioning of the corpus callosum

Question 59

The primary pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome are

A) dopamine D₂ receptor antagonists.
B) drugs that inhibit norepinephrine.
C) drugs that enhance levels of dopamine.
D) drugs that enhance GABA.

Question 60

Stress during the developmental period when _______ takes place (between the ages of about 5 to 21 years of age) increases the likelihood of the schizophrenia in genetically susceptible people.

Question 61

MRI imaging studies of the brains of twins in which only one twin has schizophrenia have shown that the affected twin's brain often exhibits _______ ventricles.

Question 62

In schizophrenia there are several changes in the brain, including enlargement of the _______ and decreased activity of the frontal lobes.

Question 63

A drug known to be a potent psychotomimetic (it mimics a state resembling schizophrenia) is known by the initials _______, which acts as a(n) NMDA receptor antagonist.

Question 64

Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of intractable depression targets the _______.

Question 65

Patterns of change in the brains and behaviors of people with bipolar disorder are similar to those seen in people with _______.

Question 66

An imaging study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed a reduction in the right _______.

Question 67

Maria checks that her kitchen stove is turned off dozens of times before leaving home, and she is convinced if she doesn't, her house will burn down. Maria is exhibiting the _______ symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Question 68

OCD and Tourette's are often comorbid, and both disorders involve abnormalities of the _______.

Question 69

What are the four symptom categories of schizophrenia?

Question 70

It is well known that schizophrenia has a significant genetic component. What are some of the identified environmental risk factors for developing the disease?

Question 71

Outline some of the anatomical anomalies of the brains of patients with schizophrenia.

Question 72

Why is phencyclidine (PCP) interesting to schizophrenia research? What is its effect at the cellular level?

Question 73

Describe the actions of first-generation antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, versus the actions of second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, in the treatment of schizophrenia. Is one preferable in terms of effectiveness and side effects?

Question 74

What is a lobotomy? What was this surgery intended to treat? Was it effective? What types of treatments have replaced it?

Question 75

What is the connection between depression and suicide? Other than saving a person's life, why is it important for society to do everything possible to prevent suicide attempts? What actions can society take to better avert suicide attempts?

Question 76

How does depression interfere with a normal night of sleep?

Question 77

What is electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and what is it designed to treat? Is it still used today?

Question 78

Describe the experiment using lithium that unexpectedly led to successful treatment of bipolar disorder.

Question 79

What is the connection between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?

Question 80

As related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), differentiate obsessions from compulsions. List four obsessions and four compulsions seen in the disorder.