Deck 10: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Question 1

_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

A) Motivation
B) Endothermic
C) Homeostasis
D) Negative feedback

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of

A) negative feedback.
B) fever.
C) allostasis.
D) thermoregulation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

A) A dog panting on a hot day
B) A group of birds roosting together at night
C) A turtle basking on a sunny log
D) A person shivering in a cold house

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

A) greater tolerance for high external temperatures.
B) increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.
C) a reduction energy requirements.
D) a greater differential between the animal's metabolism during rest and during activity.

Question 5

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?

A) Preoptic area
B) Brainstem
C) Medial hypothalamus
D) Dorsomedial thalamus

Question 6

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

A) it requires such a great deal of energy.
B) larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses.
C) restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.
D) hot and cold temperatures are the opposite of each other.

Question 7

What is the significance of a set zone, as opposed to a precise set point, in terms of thermoregulation?

A) A set zone allows an animals more precise control over body responses.
B) The wide variety of conditions that animals face makes a tolerance, or set zone, instead of a precise set point, more adaptable.
C) A set zone is more adaptable in environments that are very stable.
D) A set point is more conducive to body regulation than a set zone is.

Question 8

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) preoptic area.
C) ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 9

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

A) Lowering your breathing rate
B) Building a snow cave
C) Ripping some of the upholstery out of the car and using it as extra insulation under your clothing
D) Huddling in the fetal position

Question 10

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system?

A) Increased thyroid activity
B) Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
C) Sweating
D) Lying in the shade

Question 11

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.

A) intracellular; is similar to that of seawater
B) intracellular; is saltier than that of seawater
C) extracellular; is similar across species
D) extracellular; varies widely among species

Question 12

The body fluid compartments change with _______ upon severe water loss.

A) increased blood pressure and increased plasma volume
B) decreased blood pressure and no change in plasma volume
C) decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume
D) increased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

Question 13

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) hypotonic
D) neotonic

Question 14

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure?

A) The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
B) The spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solvent
C) The force of solute against a cell membrane
D) The tendency of a solvent to sink due to higher density.

Question 15

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it

A) shrinks.
B) swells.
C) does not change.
D) immediately dies.

Question 16

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) kidneys.
C) ventricular system.
D) vascular system.

Question 17

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

A) grooming.
B) fatigue.
C) temperature increase.
D) thirst.

Question 18

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?

A) Subfornical organ
B) Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
C) Periventricular organ
D) Area postrema

Question 19

The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for

A) protein.
B) carbohydrates.
C) sugar.
D) salt.

Question 20

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.

A) osmotic; hypervolemic
B) isotonic; isovolemic
C) osmotic; hypovolemic
D) hypotonic; hypervolemic

Question 21

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.

A) constriction; vasopressin
B) dilation; ANP
C) constriction; angiotensin II
D) dilation; insulin

Question 22

The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia.

A) ANP
B) angiotensin II
C) vasopressin
D) insulin

Question 23

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.

A) angiotensin II; area postrema
B) ANP; circumventricular organs
C) aldosterone; kidneys
D) vasopressin; posterior pituitary

Question 24

Which structure produces angiotensin II?

A) Adrenal glands
B) Pancreas
C) Pituitary gland
D) Kidneys

Question 25

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?

A) Aldosterone
B) Vasopressin
C) Angiotensin II
D) Rennin

Question 26

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.

A) hypovolemic
B) hypotonic
C) osmoreceptive
D) osmotic

Question 27

The saltiness of fluid in the stomach and intestine is monitored by neurons in the gut, and this information is communicated to the brain via the

A) vagus nerve.
B) kidney baroreceptors.
C) area postrema.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 28

About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes.

A) basal
B) behavioral
C) rest
D) storage

Question 29

What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism?

A) 10‒20%
B) 20‒30%
C) 60‒70%
D) 80‒90%

Question 30

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

A) ketones.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucagon.

Question 31

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

A) insulin.
B) vasopressin.
C) glucagon.
D) glycogen.

Question 32

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.

A) adrenal
B) adipose
C) liver
D) glucagon

Question 33

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?

A) Cephalic
B) Digestive
C) Absorptive
D) Somatic

Question 34

The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.

A) cephalic
B) digestive
C) absorptive
D) glucodetecting

Question 35

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

A) diabetes insipidus
B) type I diabetes
C) type II diabetes
D) congenital diabetes

Question 36

An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of

A) dehydration.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) the ingestion of too much sugar.
D) the ingestion of too much salt.

Question 37

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

A) obligatory.
B) inorganic.
C) dietary.
D) essential.

Question 38

In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except

A) initial weight gain.
B) a voracious appetite.
C) self-maintenance of normal weight.
D) defense of a new target weight.

Question 39

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?

A) An initial increase in food intake
B) An initial decrease in food intake
C) An eventual stabilization of body weight and food intake
D) A lower weight set-point

Question 40

Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.

A) morbid obesity
B) slight increases in weight
C) slight decreases in weight
D) severe weight loss

Question 41

Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

A) Ghrelin
B) PYY_3-36
C) Leptin
D) Anandamide

Question 42

Injecting PYY_3-36 into rats causes them to

A) eat more.
B) eat less.
C) store fat over the long term.
D) become thirsty.

Question 43

The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.

A) PYY_3-36; GLP-1
B) ghrelin; leptin
C) PYY_3-36; ghrelin
D) GLP-1; leptin

Question 44

Which statement about leptin is false?

A) It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.
B) It decreases feeding behavior.
C) It inhibits NPY neurons.
D) It stimulates POMC neurons.

Question 45

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

A) Ghrelin and PYY_3-36
B) Insulin and ghrelin
C) Orexin and leptin
D) Anandamide and orexin

Question 46

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

A) orexin
B) ghrelin
C) PYY_3-36
D) NPY

Question 47

Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

A) suppresses hunger.
B) induces hunger.
C) promotes leptin biosynthesis.
D) promotes orexin release.

Question 48

What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?

A) It suppresses eating.
B) It induces vomiting.
C) It stimulates eating.
D) It increases long-term fat stores.

Question 49

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.

A) orexin; ghrelin
B) ghrelin; orexin
C) NPY; POMC
D) POMC; NPY

Question 50

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______.

A) appetite; metabolism
B) appetite; thirst
C) thirst; sleep
D) thermoregulation; metabolism

Question 51

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.

A) orexin
B) POMC
C) cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) neuropeptide Y

Question 52

The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a

A) biome regulator.
B) microtype.
C) microbiome.
D) fecal transplant.

Question 53

It is thought that each individual's _______ is in two-way communication with the brain via chemical signals and the _______.

A) enterotype; vagus nerve
B) pancreas; spinal nerves
C) enterotype; spinal nerves
D) pancreas; nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 54

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight level of

A) underweight.
B) ideal weight.
C) overweight.
D) obese.

Question 55

Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?

A) Bariatric surgery
B) Drugs that interfere with fat digestion
C) Drugs that mimic specific peptide hormones
D) Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Question 56

Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy?

A) PYY_3-36 mouth spray
B) Drugs that block the visual appeal of food
C) Endocannabinoid antagonists
D) Drugs that mimic some of the thyroid hormones

Question 57

Which therapeutic intervention would be most appropriate for someone suffering from treatment-resistant bulimia?

A) Physical therapy
B) Cognitive behavioral therapy
C) Bariatric surgery
D) Maudsley therapy

Question 58

Which items are incorrectly paired?

A) Bariatric surgery; gastric bypass
B) Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss
C) Binge eating; obesity
D) Anorexia nervosa; extreme dieting

Question 59

Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true?

A) It is characterized by bouts of binging and purging.
B) It affects both young men and women equally.
C) People with anorexia think about food a great deal.
D) The word "anorexia" is derived from a Greek word meaning "great hunger."

Question 60

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

A) a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.
B) the presence of epigenetic genes.
C) a remarkable increase in fast food restaurants over the last 50 years.
D) the high rates of sedentary occupations compared to 50 years ago.

Question 61

People suffering from bulimia nervosa

A) have very little appetite.
B) get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.
C) usually become very obese.
D) typically prefer to vomit rather than use laxatives.

Question 62

_______ involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain.

A) Anorexia; extreme dieting
B) Binge eating; drinking alcohol
C) Bulimia; vomiting
D) Bariatrics; drinking water

Question 63

One reason that body temperature is a critical variable for animals is because the at high temperatures, _______ can become denatured, thereby losing their structure and function.

Question 64

A(n) _______ is an animal whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes.

Question 65

Aside from increasing blood pressure and causing drinking, angiotensin II stimulates the release of _______, which is crucial to Na⁺ conservation.

Question 66

Located in major blood vessels and in the heart, _______ detect an initial drop in extracellular volume.

Question 67

The primary source of energy for the body is _______.

Question 68

During the absorptive phase, special cells in the liver called glucodetectors detect circulating glucose and trigger the release of _______.

Question 69

Fat cells that make up adipose tissue release a hormone called _______, which helps regulate appetite.

Question 70

The beneficial microbial biota, or microbiome that is unique to each individual and reflects their particular gut history is called a(n) _______.

Question 71

The anti-obesity strategy that involves bypassing part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system is called _______ surgery.

Question 72

In the eating disorder called _______, individuals severely deprive themselves of food and can become dangerously thin.

Question 73

Imagine you are on the beach lying in the hot sun. List three behavioral thermoregulatory adjustments you could make and two physiological thermoregulatory adjustments that might occur.

Question 74

What is meant by the statement "multicellular organisms had to bring their watery environment with them when they moved onto land and into the air"?

Question 75

What are the physiological responses that occur when a person eats a salty meal?

Question 76

Why is the brain unique in its use of glucose?

Question 77

Compare and contrast juvenile-onset diabetes and adult-onset diabetes.

Question 78

Briefly describe how peripheral hormone signals interact with the arcuate-based appetite controller.

Question 79

Create a short paragraph using the following terms: Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, POMC neurons, NPY neurons, appetite, leptin, ghrelin and PYY_3-36.

Question 80

How does marijuana stimulate appetite?