Deck 9: Hormones and Sex

Question 1

Glands that release their products within the body are called _______ glands.

A) amacrine
B) endocrine
C) allomone
D) lachrymose

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally

A) more widespread in the body and affect distant targets.
B) produced by comparable quantities of substance.
C) more limited with respect to target sites.
D) shorter lasting.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Some flowers attract bees by releasing _______ into the air.

A) nectar
B) pheromones
C) pollen
D) allomones

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_______ is a tropic hormone.

A) Testosterone
B) Vasopressin
C) Cortisol
D) Luteinizing hormone

Question 5

Experimenters delete the gene for a given receptor in a rat. The animal is then observed to determine if a given behavior remains intact or not. This scenario illustrates a _______ experiment.

A) modeling
B) knockout
C) cloning
D) immunocytochemistry

Question 6

Which pair lists two of the three major classes of hormones?

A) Lipophilic and lipotropic
B) Peptide and steroid
C) Transcriptional and translational
D) Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 7

Which molecule is not a steroid hormone?

A) ACTH
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) Estradiol

Question 8

Which molecule is an amine hormone?

A) Testosterone
B) Estrogen
C) Cortisol
D) Melatonin

Question 9

Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by

A) entering the cell and providing a source of metabolic energy.
B) interacting with specific receptors located in the cell nucleus.
C) binding to DNA and altering gene expression.
D) binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface.

Question 10

Steroid hormones typically exert their effects by

A) binding to receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and altering gene expression.
B) diffusing through the cell membrane, binding to receptor molecules and altering gene expression.
C) binding to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and altering the cell membrane.
D) diffusing through the cell membrane, binding to receptor molecules and halting all gene expression.

Question 11

What is the appropriate technique for visualizing the location of peptide receptors within cells of the rat hypothalamus?

A) Immunocytochemistry
B) Radioimmunoassay
C) CT scan
D) fMRI

Question 12

In the body's synthesis of steroids, _______ is/are synthesized from _______.

A) progesterone; estrogens
B) androgens; estrogens
C) estrogens; androgens
D) progesterone; testosterone

Question 13

Which statement about the presence of specific hormones in men and women is true?

A) Testosterone is found exclusively in males.
B) Oxytocin is found exclusively in females.
C) Estrogen is found exclusively in females.
D) All steroids are found in both males and females.

Question 14

The posterior pituitary

A) contains the cell bodies of oxytocin neurosecretory cells.
B) contains the axon terminals of vasopressin neurosecretory cells.
C) releases its hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
D) is regulated by releasing factors from the hypothalamus.

Question 15

Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.

A) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
B) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary; median eminence
D) anterior pituitary; median eminence

Question 16

Which statement about oxytocin and vasopressin is false?

A) They are secreted in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones.
B) They are peptide hormones.
C) They are posterior pituitary hormones.
D) They are synthesized in cell bodies of the hypothalamus.

Question 17

The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they

A) are released across synapses.
B) affect only neurons.
C) affect only the pituitary.
D) affect the secretion of other endocrine glands.

Question 18

Which structure is located between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A) Mammillary bodies
B) Median eminence
C) Paraventricular nucleus
D) Preoptic area

Question 19

Which molecule is not secreted by the pituitary?

A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B) FSH
C) Progesterone
D) Prolactin

Question 20

Which list represents the correct sequence of events in the regulation of gonadal steroid hormones in men?

A) GnRH, gonads, anterior pituitary, release of androgens
B) GnRH, anterior pituitary, gonads, release of androgens
C) Anterior pituitary, GnRH; gonads, release of androgens
D) Anterior pituitary, release of androgens, gonads, GnRH

Question 21

The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is essential for production of

A) oxytocin.
B) antidiuretic hormone.
C) follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) vasopressin.

Question 22

In the testes, _______ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _______, and _______ cells produce sperm under the influence of _______.

A) Sertoli; FSH; Leydig; LH
B) Leydig; LH; Sertoli; FSH
C) Sertoli; LH; Leydig; FSH
D) Leydig; FSH; Sertoli; LH

Question 23

In the female, increased levels of estrogens during the ovarian cycle induce the release of _______, which triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum, which then secrets _______.

A) LH; progesterone
B) FSH; estradiol
C) GnRH; estradiol
D) FSH; progesterone

Question 24

The hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary is called _______ hormone.

A) thyroid-stimulating
B) growth
C) follicle-stimulating
D) gonadotropin-releasing

Question 25

Which sequence represents the correct order of events in the male reproductive tract?

A) FSH, Sertoli cells, sperm production
B) FSH, Sertoli cells, synthesis of testosterone
C) LH, Leydig cells, sperm production
D) GnRH, Leydig cells, synthesis of testosterone

Question 26

The hormone _______ controls the milk letdown reflex and plays a role in formation of social bonds.

A) estrogen
B) luteinizing hormone
C) oxytocin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 27

Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.

A) oxytocin
B) testosterone
C) FSH
D) melatonin

Question 28

Which best describes the interaction of endocrine activity and behavior?

A) Cyclical: An experience causes a release of hormones, which affect future behavior and experience.
B) A one-way interaction: Hormones affect behavior, but behavior does not affect hormones.
C) A one-way interaction: Behavior affects hormones, but hormones do not affect behavior.
D) Unpredictable: Sometimes they affect one another, but it depends on the circumstance.

Question 29

Which sequence represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?

A) Receptive behavior, sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, postcopulatory behavior
B) Sexual attraction, refractory phase, copulation, postcopulatory behavior
C) Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior
D) Proceptive behavior, sexual attraction, postcopulatory behavior, receptive behavior

Question 30

Of all the stages of reproductive and sexual behavior, _______ is required before other behaviors can occur.

A) copulation
B) proceptive behavior
C) intromission
D) sexual attraction

Question 31

Male rats do not engage in sexual behavior during the _______ period that follows ejaculation.

A) copulatory
B) refractory
C) proceptive
D) Coolidge

Question 32

The role of the _______ is to monitor steroid hormone concentration and, at the right time in the ovulatory cycle, enable a neural circuit that allows the lordosis response in rats.

A) periaqueductal gray
B) medial preoptic area
C) ventromedial hypothalamus
D) vomeronasal organ

Question 33

The restoration of sexual function in a male castrated in adulthood and treated with testosterone demonstrates the _______ effect of hormones.

A) activational
B) organizational
C) copulatory
D) proceptive

Question 34

Parental behaviors are classified as _______ behaviors.

A) attraction
B) proceptive
C) copulatory
D) postcopulatory

Question 35

Which animal would show the strongest lordosis behavior?

A) A female rat with ovaries removed in adulthood that is given progesterone
B) A female rat with ovaries removed early in life that is given estrogen in adulthood
C) A female rat with ovaries removed in adulthood that is given estrogen followed by progesterone
D) A male rat castrated in adulthood that is given estrogen followed by progesterone

Question 36

In male rats, the medial amygdala plays an important role in sexual behavior by conveying information about _______ to the _______.

A) testosterone levels; VNO
B) pheromone signals; mPOA
C) proceptive behavior; VMH
D) copulatory responses; PAG

Question 37

In the circuit mediating _______ behavior in female rats, the VMH sends axons to the _______ region of the midbrain.

A) proceptive behaviors; medial amygdala
B) lordosis; periaqueductal gray
C) mounting; medullary reticular formation
D) lordosis; medial amygdala

Question 38

The _______ is specialized for the detection of pheromones.

A) vomeronasal organ
B) medial preoptic area
C) VMH
D) olfactory epithelium

Question 39

A virgin rat finds the scent of rat pups aversive, but maternal behavior in a virgin rat can be induced by lesions anywhere along the path from olfactory bulb to medial amygdala to VMH because after lesioning,

A) the scent of the pups will no longer bother her.
B) she will no longer detect the scent of the pups.
C) the sight of the pups will be more important in inducing material care.
D) the scent will still bother her but her maternal instinct will take over.

Question 40

Which statement about differences in sexual arousal in men and women is true?

A) Men and women show similar patterns of copulatory sequence.
B) Masturbation rates are quite similar among adult men and women.
C) The human sexual response resembles a cycle rather than a linear series of events.
D) For women, desire is crucial for sexual initiation.

Question 41

Women who have recently given birth show increased sensitivity to the odors of their newborns, and can distinguish odors among different babies. This increased sensitivity appears to be due to

A) the mother's experiences immediately after delivery.
B) the effect of hormones after delivery.
C) time of year that the baby was born.
D) the mother's sleep patterns after delivery.

Question 42

The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is essential for the development of the

A) gonads in both sexes.
B) wolffian ducts in males.
C) external genitalia in males.
D) testes in males.

Question 43

During mammalian sexual differentiation, the male internal reproductive tract develops from the

A) müllerian ducts.
B) wolffian ducts.
C) genital tubercle.
D) urogenital sinus.

Question 44

Sry protein is produced in the

A) ovaries.
B) testes.
C) indifferent gonads.
D) brain.

Question 45

Which molecule is not involved in masculinization of the external genitals in humans?

A) DHT
B) Testosterone
C) AMH
D) 5-alpha-reductase

Question 46

The internal sex organs

A) require hormonal stimulation in both males and females for proper development.
B) are bisexual early in development, unlike the gonads.
C) develop from the müllerian system in males.
D) require hormonal stimulation in males.

Question 47

Development of masculine external genitalia is guaranteed by the presence of

A) the XY chromosome pattern.
B) the wolffian duct system.
C) secretion of androgens.
D) None of the above

Question 48

The external genitalia of a human female with CAH often have a masculine form at birth as a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal

A) adrenal glands.
B) ovaries.
C) pituitary gland.
D) testes.

Question 49

Which condition causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?

A) A high level of androgen during fetal development
B) A deficiency in estradiol
C) A deficiency in testosterone
D) An XO chromosome pattern

Question 50

Which individual would be likely to have normal, functioning ovaries?

A) A XY individual treated with estrogen in early life
B) A XY individual with a genetic mutation in the SRY gene
C) An individual with a deficiency in 5-alpha-reductase (guevedoces)
D) An individual with AIS

Question 51

The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following?

A) Testes, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts
B) Testes, vas deferens, uterus, fallopian tubes, breasts
C) Testes, labia, clitoris
D) Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts

Question 52

Which statement about the external genitalia is true?

A) Ovarian hormones are responsible for development of the labial folds, clitoris, and outer part of the vagina.
B) In people with androgen insensitivity syndrome, the external genitalia are female in appearance.
C) In males and females, the external genitals develop from separate precursors.
D) AMH masculinizes the male external genitalia.

Question 53

The external genitalia of an XY individual can have a feminine form at birth as a result of

A) the XX chromosomal pattern.
B) insensitivity to androgens.
C) oversecretion of estrogens by the adrenal glands.
D) excessive conversion of androgens to estrogens.

Question 54

Human females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia typically exhibit _______ genitalia and are more likely to show a(n) _______ orientation than other women.

A) female; heterosexual
B) male; homosexual
C) intersex; homosexual
D) intersex; asexual

Question 55

Research evidence suggests that fetal exposure to _______ increases the likelihood that a girl will grow up to be homosexual.

A) progesterone
B) 5-alpha reductase
C) androgens
D) AMH

Question 56

Exposure of female rat pups to testosterone during a sensitive period from just before birth to just after birth results in a greatly reduced frequency of _______ in adulthood.

A) lordosis
B) aggression
C) eating
D) general activity

Question 57

The _______ hypothesis would explain differences between the brains and behavior of male and female rats as being due to the effects of androgens the during a sensitive period of development.

A) immediate
B) temporary
C) activational
D) organizational

Question 58

The appearance of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the POA (SDN-POA) is more evident in male rats than in female rats because

A) females do not have these cells at birth.
B) these cells proliferate more rapidly in males.
C) early exposure to androgens results in a nucleus that is larger in males.
D) the cells of the nucleus stain more readily in males.

Question 59

What is responsible for the difference in the bulbocavernosus (BC) muscles between male and female rats?

A) In both males and females the spinal motor neurons connect to BC muscle and both sexes expresses androgen receptors, but only in males do androgens promote motor neuron development and survival of the muscle.
B) In both males and females the spinal motor neurons connect to BC muscle but only males express androgen receptors, thus only in males do circulating androgens promote motor neuron development and survival of the muscle.
C) In females the spinal motor neurons do not connect to BC muscle and thus androgen receptors cannot promote motor neuron development so the muscle degenerates.
D) Motor neurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) are not present in females, so BC muscle never forms.

Question 60

As females with CAH grow older, the proportion who report same-sex attractions increases suggesting that

A) in CAH females, for brain masculinization influences sexual orientation later than in non-CAH females.
B) CAH females start out trying to follow a heterosexual orientation, but as they age they become more comfortable with a homosexual orientation.
C) when it comes to sexual orientation, social factors are a stronger influence than genetic factors.
D) CAH females are far more sensitive to androgens and their influence on copulatory sequence.

Question 61

Which outcome is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?

A) The fewer older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
B) Boys who are only children are more likely to develop a homosexual orientation.
C) The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
D) The more siblings a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.

Question 62

The hormone _______ is responsible for the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

Question 63

A female moth that is ready to mate releases a chemical that males of the same species detect and follow to find her; this chemical is called a _______.

Question 64

_______ cells are a unique category of neurons that release a hormone (instead of neurotransmitter) into the bloodstream.

Question 65

Pituitary hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as _______ hormones.

Question 66

A castrated male rat ceases to ejaculate within a few weeks; if he then receives testosterone injections ejaculation commences, thereby demonstrating the _______ effect of testosterone.

Question 67

The stereotyped copulatory posture of the female animals of many species is called _______.

Question 68

In order for a normal lordosis response to occur in female rats, production of _______ receptors must be initiated by estrogen.

Question 69

In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad becomes a(n) _______.

Question 70

Individuals with _______ syndrome have one sex chromosome, the X chromosome.

Question 71

The rat dam's licking of the male pup's anogenital region aids in masculinizing his _______.

Question 72

List at least four major endocrine glands and the functions of each.

Question 73

List the three major classes of hormones and provide at least two examples of each.

Question 74

Explain the process of hormone release from the anterior pituitary.

Question 75

Create a short paragraph using the following terms: anterior pituitary, tropic hormones, FSH, LH, sperm, testosterone, follicle, ovulation, estrogen and progesterone.

Question 76

What does the term "proceptive" mean? At what point in the ovulatory cycle of a female rat is she proceptive?

Question 77

Trace the neural circuit for reproduction in male rats.

Question 78

Explain sexual differentiation of the internal ducts in males and females.

Question 79

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome and how does it affect fertility and gonadal development?

Question 80

Identify and describe the major classes of hormones and their receptors.