Deck 6: Globalization and Fragmentation in a New World Order: 1991 to the Present

Question 1

All of the following characterized the international system at the end of the Cold War except

A) Regional and ethnic conflicts.
B) Threats of nuclear proliferation.
C) Fears of a nuclear holocaust caused by a war between the United States and Russia.
D) Threats of terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction.

Answer 1

Fears of a nuclear holocaust caused by a war between the United States and Russia.

Question 2

The end of the Cold War was

A) A surprise.
B) Expected.
C) Highly suspicious.
D) None of the above.

Answer 2

A surprise.

Question 3

"The end of history" is

A) The idea that states can overcome their different cultures and traditions to have a common definition and understanding of human rights, economic systems, and so forth, in large part as a result of globalization.
B) The theory that posits that the apex of human political and social development is reached by successfully democratizing.
C) The idea that states have different cultures and tradition and therefore may differ in their definitions of such things as human rights and governmental structures, leading to fragmentation of the international system.
D) None of the above.

Answer 3

The theory that posits that the apex of human political and social development is reached by successfully democratizing.

Question 4

The thesis of "The End of History" is put forth by

A) Robert Kaplan.
B) Samuel Huntington.
C) Francis Fukuyama.
D) Winston Churchill.

Question 5

The thesis of "The Clash of Civilizations?" is put forth by

A) Robert Kaplan.
B) Samuel Huntington.
C) Francis Fukuyama.
D) Winston Churchill.

Question 6

The essay "The Clash of Civilizations?" suggests that international politics will be characterized by conflicts between civilizations seeking

A) Sovereignty.
B) Collective security.
C) To defend their traditions, beliefs, and territory.
D) To reduce poverty.

Question 7

According to Fukuyama, which country(ies) are closest to achieving the endpoint of ideological evolution?

A) The United States
B) Canada
C) Australia and New Zealand
D) Western Europe

Question 8

All of the following are evidence that Fukuyama uses to back up his thesis in "The End of History" except

A) The success of communism.
B) Economic liberalization worldwide.
C) The spread of Western ideals and culture.
D) The failures of monarchy and fascism.

Question 9

"The end of history"

A) Occurred in 1991.
B) Is a long way off.
C) Will never occur.
D) None of the above.

Question 10

According to the essay "The Clash of Civilizations?" future conflict will be

A) Economic.
B) Ideological.
C) Cultural.
D) None of the above.

Question 11

The phrase that describes the developing world's frustration and anger over Western paternalism and opportunism is

A) "The West versus the rest."
B) "The end of history."
C) "The clash of civilizations."
D) "A new world order."

Question 12

According to "The Clash of Civilizations?" the most striking cultural divide is

A) Islamic civilization versus Buddhist civilization.
B) Islamic civilization versus Western culture.
C) Western culture versus Japanese civilization.
D) Confucian culture versus Islamic civilization.

Question 13

In 1991, George Bush declared that the superpower rivalry of the Cold War would be replaced by

A) A "new world order."
B) A system wherein states would cooperate within the framework of international law against aggression and other common threats.
C) A less confrontational and more institutionalized world.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

The end of the Cold War

A) Left the United States as the only country with the ability to intervene in any conflict anywhere in the world.
B) Caused the United States to increase the size of its military establishment.
C) Led to a decrease in U.S. military research and development efforts.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

All of the following are members of NATO except

A) The United States.
B) Latvia.
C) Romania.
D) Russia.

Question 16

Robert Kagan contests the notion that

A) The United States is the most powerful country in the world.
B) Great Britain is the United States' staunchest ally.
C) American primacy is in decline.
D) All of the above.

Question 17

In 1991, the "new world order" was spoken of by which president?

A) George W. Bush
B) George H. W. Bush
C) Bill Clinton
D) Barak Obama

Question 18

All of the following are the basic indicators Robert Kagan believes should be used to measure a state's relative power except

A) The size and influence of its economy relative to other powers.
B) The magnitude of military power compared with that of its potential adversaries.
C) The degree of political influence it wields in the international system.
D) The number and scope of international treaties and regimes adhered to by the state.

Question 19

A state's ability to attract allies through the legitimacy of its policies and their underlying values is

A) Soft power.
B) Hard power.
C) Military power.
D) Power projection.

Question 20

When Robert Kagan discusses the "rise of the rest," to which states is he referring?

A) Brazil, India, Turkey, and South Africa
B) Argentina, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe
C) Colombia, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Morocco
D) None of the above

Question 21

The decline of a great power usually takes place

A) Suddenly.
B) Over a long period of time.
C) Through negotiation.
D) Never.

Question 22

Charles Kupchan argues that power is flowing away from the West to

A) The East.
B) Russia.
C) The developing nations.
D) Nonstate actors.

Question 23

According to Charles Kupchan, in relation to declining U.S. hegemony, the worst thing the United States can do is

A) Pretend it is not happening.
B) Overreact.
C) Prepare for the transition.
D) Pick a successor.

Question 24

According to Charles Kupchan, the decline in power of U.S. allies will have what type of impact on the United States?

A) Little to none.
B) It will make it more difficult for the United States to maintain hegemony.
C) It will make it easier for the United States to maintain hegemony.
D) It will allow the United States to more easily control its allies.

Question 25

A theory that recognizes that the responsibility of acting as a hegemon eventually places a strain on a state, thus allowing other states to mount a challenge, is

A) Liberalism.
B) Constructivism.
C) Great-power theory.
D) Power-transition theory.

Question 26

The first global crisis after the Cold War ended came in

A) Southeast Asia.
B) The Persian Gulf.
C) Argentina.
D) Germany.

Question 27

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 because

A) Iraq was experiencing economic problems.
B) Saddam wanted to control the entire Ramallah oil field.
C) Iraq had always claimed Kuwait as part of Iraq.
D) All of the above.

Question 28

The international response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait included all of the following except

A) Shock.
B) The formation of an international coalition.
C) UN Security Council resolutions.
D) Deposing Saddam Hussein.

Question 29

In 1993, the European Community became the European Union and included

A) A single market for capital, goods, services, and labor.
B) A European Parliament with powers to pass legislation binding on all members.
C) A Court of Justice to adjudicate European Union law.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

All of the following are members of the European Union except

A) Latvia.
B) Malta.
C) Russia.
D) Cyprus.

Question 31

U.S. economic hegemony in the 1990s was derived from all of the following except

A) U.S. dominance in global trade and finance.
B) U.S. military superiority.
C) The size of U.S. markets.
D) The role of the dollar as a reserve currency and unit of international exchange.

Question 32

All of the following countries experienced economic misfortunes and obstacles, contributing to U.S. economic hegemony in the post-Cold War world, except

A) Great Britain.
B) Germany.
C) Japan.
D) Russia.

Question 33

The Southeast Asian "Tigers" include all of the following states except

A) Hong Kong.
B) Singapore.
C) North Korea.
D) South Korea.

Question 34

The three-sided civil war that broke out in Bosnia in 1992 was fought by

A) Serbs, Kosovars, and Albanians.
B) Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians.
C) Bosnians, Kosovars, and Serbs.
D) Bosnians, Albanians, and Russians.

Question 35

In response to fighting between Serbian troops and separatist forces in Kosovo, who launched air strikes against Serbian forces in 1999?

A) The United Nations
B) NATO
C) The European Union
D) Russia

Question 36

Crises in all of the following countries demonstrate the problems with collective security in the post-Cold War world except

A) Somalia.
B) Rwanda.
C) Mexico.
D) Sudan.

Question 37

The organization formed in 1994 to encourage peace and wealth in Europe is

A) The OSCE.
B) The United Nations.
C) The EU.
D) NATO.

Question 38

In the early 1990s, the African country of Somalia was being torn apart by competing warlords using what as a weapon?

A) Chemical weapons
B) Biological weapons
C) Famine
D) Pollution

Question 39

Which U.S. president sent the initial contingent of U.S. troops to Somalia to provide humanitarian assistance?

A) Bill Clinton
B) George H. W. Bush
C) Ronald Reagan
D) None of the above

Question 40

On October 3, 1993, an attempt to capture close associates of Mogadishu warlord Mohamed Farah Aideed went horribly wrong when

A) Two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down.
B) Eighteen American soldiers were killed.
C) Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Somalis were killed.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

Which UN body accepted responsibility for the failure to intervene during the genocide in Rwanda?

A) The Security Council
B) The General Assembly
C) The Secretary General
D) UNICEF

Question 42

What international organizations have stepped in to assist the people of Darfur?

A) The African Union
B) NATO
C) The UN
D) Both a and c

Question 43

All of the following are problems of collective security highlighted in the new era except

A) "Free-riding."
B) National sovereignty.
C) Bandwagoning.
D) None of the above.

Question 44

Successful collective action since the end of the Cold War has taken place in all of the following countries except

A) Rwanda.
B) The nations hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004.
C) Namibia.
D) Cambodia.

Question 45

UN peacekeeping forces can enter a country only if

A) The UN Security Council authorizes military action.
B) The host country grants consent.
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above.

Question 46

The terrorist organization responsible for the attacks on the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania is

A) Hamas.
B) al-Qaeda.
C) Freedom Fighters of Kenya.
D) Islamic Jihad.

Question 47

The term ethnic cleansing entered the English lexicon in response to events in

A) Somalia.
B) Rwanda.
C) Sudan.
D) The former Yugoslavia.

Question 48

Instances of genocide in the twentieth century include

A) The Nazi Holocaust.
B) The massacre of as many as 1 million Armenians during World War I.
C) Rwanda in 1994.
D) All of the above.

Question 49

The Taliban was the radical Islamic government of what state?

A) Iraq
B) Iran
C) Afghanistan
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 50

U.S. Navy SEALS killed Osama bin Laden in his compound in which country?

A) Afghanistan
B) India
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Pakistan

Question 51

Since the inception of the war on terror, terrorist incidents have

A) Decreased.
B) Occurred in Great Britain, Indonesia, and Egypt, among other places.
C) Motivated a variety of responses from the international community.
D) Both b and c

Question 52

The Bush administration's stated justification for launching the invasion of Iraq in 2003 was

A) Evidence that Saddam Hussein had not halted Iraq's efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction and long-range ballistic missiles.
B) Iraq's unprovoked invasion of Kuwait.
C) Saddam Hussein's decision to halt oil sales to the Western powers.
D) None of the above.

Question 53

The U.S. preparation for invading Iraq caused all of the following responses except

A) Widespread protests in Europe and the Middle East.
B) Adamant disapproval of many UN members.
C) A UN Security Council resolution supporting the invasion.
D) None of the above.

Question 54

Expectations prior to the invasion of Iraq included all of the following except

A) A quick and speedy victory.
B) A quagmire similar to Vietnam.
C) Massive civilian casualties.
D) Saddam Hussein's use of chemical weapons.

Question 55

In the end, Saddam Hussein was

A) Deposed as leader of Iraq.
B) Found hiding in a "spider hole" near his hometown of Tikrit.
C) Found guilty of crimes against humanity and hung.
D) All of the above.

Question 56

The outcome of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq includes

A) A stunning victory in a short amount of time.
B) The Iraqi ratification of a new constitution.
C) A complex set of terrorist groups and insurgencies wreaking havoc on Iraqis and coalition forces.
D) All of the above.

Question 57

An economic downturn typically including decline in GDP for two or more consecutive quarters is called what?

A) Depression.
B) Recession.
C) New international economic order.
D) None of the above.

Question 58

Developed states that were the notable exceptions to suffering in the Great Recession are

A) Spain and Portugal.
B) Great Britain and Germany.
C) Australia and South Korea.
D) Canada and North Korea.

Question 59

The bursting housing bubble in the United States that precipitated the Great Recession was caused by

A) Risky lending practices.
B) Assumptions that housing prices would continue to increase.
C) Questionable practices by banks, borrowers, and government officials.
D) All of the above.

Question 60

Contributing factors to the Eurozone crisis include

A) Bursting real estate bubbles.
B) High-risk lending practices.
C) Trade imbalances.
D) All of the above.

Question 61

Greece was hard hit by the global financial crisis and subsequent recession because of

A) Its reliance on tourism.
B) Its reliance on taxes.
C) Its reliance on lending.
D) None of the above.

Question 62

The Arab Spring resulted in leaders being removed from power in

A) Tunisia.
B) Egypt.
C) Libya.
D) All of the above.

Question 63

Uprisings in which country turned local domestic struggles into a regional uprising?

A) Tunisia
B) Bahrain
C) Egypt
D) Jordan

Question 64

Which of the following leaders has NOT been removed from power as a consequence of the Arab Spring?

A) Bashar al-Assad
B) Moammar Qaddafi
C) Hosni Mubarak
D) Zine el-Abine Ben Ali

Question 65

Nonstate actors have ___________________ in importance since the end of the Cold War.

A) Decreased
B) Diminished
C) Increased
D) Tripled

Question 66

Liberals contend that the era following the Cold War

A) Is a typical dog-eat-dog environment.
B) Reflects the rise of nonstate actors.
C) Is one of hitherto unimaginable U.S. dominance.
D) Both a and c

Question 67

Realists contend that the era following the Cold War

A) Is a typical dog-eat-dog environment.
B) Reflects the rise of nonstate actors.
C) Is one of hitherto unimaginable U.S. dominance.
D) Both a and c

Question 68

What was the paradox that characterized the international system in the 1990s?

Question 69

Explain Francis Fukuyama's argument in "The End of History."

Question 70

Explain Samuel Huntington's argument in his essay "The Clash of Civilizations?"

Question 71

Explain why Robert Kagan believes the United States is not a hegemon in decline.

Question 72

Explain why Charles Kupchan believes the United States is a hegemon in decline.

Question 73

What did President George H. W. Bush mean by a "new world order"?

Question 74

Describe the international response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

Question 75

What are the criticisms of the EU?

Question 76

What factors contributed to U.S. economic hegemony in the 1990s?

Question 77

How does globalization threaten U.S. economic hegemony?

Question 78

What international actions were taken to stop the bloodshed in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s?

Question 79

What factors contributed to the U.S./UN fiasco in Somalia in 1993?

Question 80

Describe the international response to the genocide in Sudan.