Deck 7: Security Theory and Practice

Question 1

The argument that states maximize power to ensure their own security is

A) Defensive realism.
B) Offensive realism.
C) Aggressive realism.
D) Power realism.

Answer 1

Defensive realism.

Question 2

The argument that states maximize power as an end in itself is

A) Defensive realism.
B) Offensive realism.
C) Aggressive realism.
D) Power realism.

Answer 2

Offensive realism.

Question 3

The argument that states must be expansionist to ensure their own security in anarchy is

A) Defensive realism.
B) Offensive realism.
C) Aggressive realism.
D) Power realism.

Answer 3

Aggressive realism.

Question 4

Defensive realism was first introduced by

A) Kenneth N. Waltz.
B) John Mearsheimer.
C) Glenn Snyder.
D) Hans Morgenthau.

Question 5

Offensive realism was first introduced by

A) Kenneth N. Waltz.
B) John Mearsheimer.
C) Glenn Snyder.
D) Hans Morgenthau.

Question 6

Aggressive realism was first introduced by

A) Kenneth N. Waltz.
B) John Mearsheimer.
C) Glenn Snyder.
D) Hans Morgenthau.

Question 7

The security dilemma involves

A) Deciding in which kinds of weapons to invest.
B) States increasing each other's insecurity by measures taken to bolster their own security.
C) Attempting to compel another nation to undertake some action.
D) Deciding how much money should be invested in the military and how much should be spent on social needs.

Question 8

The belief that it makes sense for each state to arm itself because the risk of preparing for armed conflict seems less than the risks incurred by remaining defenseless supports which paradigm?

A) Realist
B) Liberal
C) Constructivist
D) None of the above

Question 9

The belief that there are some partial solutions to the security dilemma, including confidence-building measures worked out diplomatically and international organizations and regimes intended to create a set of rules by which countries will interact, supports which paradigm?

A) Realist
B) Liberal
C) Constructivist
D) None of the above

Question 10

The process of naming something or someone as a threat, thereby giving government responsibility to respond to it and elevating it to a priority, is

A) Burden-sharing.
B) Securitization.
C) Labeling.
D) Hardening.

Question 11

Ensuring that public goods are paid for by all the beneficiaries rather than allowing free-riding on the hegemon is known as

A) Burden-sharing.
B) Securitization.
C) Labeling.
D) Hardening.

Question 12

Security threats that arise from within include

A) Terrorist attacks.
B) Insurgencies.
C) Coups.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

Elements of power include

A) Military power.
B) Economic power.
C) Political resolve.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Economic power can be wielded in all of the following ways except

A) Building a powerful navy.
B) Reducing or eliminating trade and investment.
C) Offering trade and investment opportunities.
D) Making access to resources contingent on concession.

Question 15

With respect to economic sanctions, great powers

A) Have difficultly wielding this threat.
B) Never wield this threat because of economic concerns.
C) Are well positioned to wield this threat.
D) Always chose this threat as the first step.

Question 16

The advantages of sanctions as a means of compellence include all of the following except

A) They are a low-cost alternative to military options.
B) They bring nations together in a coordinated effort.
C) They are a means by which great powers can flex their economic strength to achieve security goals.
D) They directly impact the leaders responsible for the punishable actions.

Question 17

Problems with sanctions include all of the following except

A) They rarely work.
B) Their use is counter to liberal theory.
C) They directly impact the leaders responsible for the punishable actions.
D) Range of utility is reduced because to be effective they need to be unified and coordinated.

Question 18

The ability to influence others to see their interests as coincident with your own is known as

A) Soft power.
B) Hard power.
C) Smart power.
D) Related power.

Question 19

Ensuring that military foreign policy efforts are complemented by equivalent diplomatic and developmental initiatives is known as

A) Soft power.
B) Hard power.
C) Smart power.
D) Related power.

Question 20

Which country has found itself in a particularly strong position to wield economic power through soft power and its near monopoly of rare earth elements?

A) The United States
B) China
C) Japan
D) Germany

Question 21

Forcing someone to do something he or she otherwise would not do or desist from doing something he or she intended to do or has begun is

A) Deterrence.
B) Compellence.
C) Defense.
D) Soft power.

Question 22

Preventing an attack by raising the costs to a prohibitive level is

A) Deterrence.
B) Compellence.
C) Defense.
D) Soft power.

Question 23

To protect against attacks is

A) Deterrence.
B) Compellence.
C) Defense.
D) Soft power.

Question 24

Three strategies that states use to protect their national security include

A) Deterrence, defense, and compellence.
B) Security dilemma, defense, and strategic nuclear weapons.
C) Defense, flexible response, and MAD.
D) Compellence, security dilemma, and MAD.

Question 25

Deterrence requires which of the following for success?

A) Forcing a challenger to reverse or undo some action already taken
B) Reducing an enemy's capability to do damage
C) Commitment to punish or retaliate
D) Using nuclear weapons

Question 26

The United States successfully persuading the Soviets to withdraw missiles from Cuba in 1962 is an example of

A) Defense.
B) General deterrence.
C) Immediate deterrence.
D) Compellence.

Question 27

Which of the following had nuclear capabilities, but gave them up?

A) South Africa
B) Libya
C) North Korea
D) Both a and b

Question 28

The ability to deliver a nuclear counterstrike even after having been hit by an opponent's first strike is known as

A) First-strike capability.
B) Response capability.
C) Second-strike capability.
D) None of the above.

Question 29

A condition that exists when nuclear states can survive a first strike with sufficient nuclear forces to retaliate in a second strike and inflict unacceptable damage on their opponent is

A) First-strike capability.
B) MAD.
C) Second-strike capability.
D) Human security.

Question 30

MAD is credited with having prevented war between

A) The United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
B) The United States and China in the 1990s.
C) Russia and Israel in 2000.
D) France and China in the 1970s.

Question 31

The annual military budget of the United States is

A) Nearly half the rest of the world's military budgets combined.
B) Nearly a third the rest of the world's military budgets combined.
C) Nearly all the rest of the world's military budgets combined.
D) Nearly a quarter the rest of the world's military budgets combined.

Question 32

It is useful to consider military spending as a percentage of a country's ____________________, which offers some indication of not only absolute ability but also relative priorities.

A) Industrial output
B) Gross domestic product
C) Gross industrial product
D) None of the above

Question 33

The distribution of authority between civilian and military leadership is known as

A) Compellence.
B) Securitization.
C) Burden-sharing.
D) Civil-military relations.

Question 34

The argument that the United States should take China's "peaceful rise" at face value and that the best option for the United States is to engage China and enhance interpedence through trade is a representation of which school of thought?

A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 35

A government's use of an external threat or crisis to distract the public from domestic issues is known as

A) Wag the dog.
B) Rally 'round the flag.
C) Securitization.
D) Pet the cat.

Question 36

The phenomenon of a citizenry exhibiting staunch nationalism and progovernment sentiments in the face of a foreign threat or crisis is known as

A) Wag the dog.
B) Rally 'round the flag.
C) Securitization.
D) Pet the cat.

Question 37

Increased support for the presidency of George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks is an example of what phenomenon?

A) Wag the dog
B) Rally 'round the flag
C) Securitization
D) Pet the cat

Question 38

The argument made by some that President Bill Clinton went to war in Kosovo to distract the American public from the Monica Lewinsky scandal is an example of what phenomenon?

A) Wag the dog
B) Rally 'round the flag
C) Securitization
D) Pet the cat

Question 39

When it comes to political will, great powers

A) Have a big advantage on other states.
B) Harness it more easily than other states.
C) Have no advantage over other states.
D) None of the above.

Question 40

Resolve can serve as a means of

A) Deterrence.
B) Compellence.
C) Defense.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

The phrase "War is a mere continuation of policy by other means" was coined by

A) Napoleon.
B) Joseph Stalin.
C) Carl von Clausewitz.
D) Richard Nixon.

Question 42

Data show that over a specific, roughly 200-year period, the weaker side in conflict was victorious almost _________ percent of the time.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 43

The greatest test of a state's security is

A) Deterrence.
B) Compellence.
C) Diplomacy.
D) War.

Question 44

International wars are usually fought to

A) Gain or protect territory.
B) Gain or protect resources.
C) Spread or reject ideology or religion.
D) All of the above.

Question 45

The argument that wars occur when there is an imbalance of power in the system is from which school of thought?

A) Neorealism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 46

The argument that war is a failure of the norms and institutions developed to restrain the effects of the security dilemma is from which school of thought?

A) Neorealism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 47

The argument that war is the outcome of enmities established by distrust or fomented by negative experience is from which school of thought?

A) Neorealism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 48

Intrastate wars

A) Take place within the borders of a sovereign state.
B) Are usually fought over resources, territory, or ideas.
C) Levy huge costs on local populations.
D) All of the above.

Question 49

The emerging norm on the international community's duty to prevent genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing is known as

A) Responsibility to protect (R2P).
B) Human security.
C) Securitization.
D) None of the above.

Question 50

In internal wars, great powers are disadvantaged by

A) Relative resolve.
B) Inadequate knowledge of the actors, the place, or the stakes.
C) Costs of intervention.
D) Both a and b

Question 51

Internal wars

A) Are a potential quagmire for international forces.
B) Can be enormously costly in terms of manpower and money.
C) Are difficult to successfully resolve.
D) All of the above.

Question 52

The argument that international intervention in internal wars is only justifiable in support of gaining strategic footholds is from which school of thought?

A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 53

The argument that international intervention in internal wars can help promote democracy, protect trade and investment, reinforce international norms, and justify international institutions is from which school of thought?

A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 54

The argument that internal wars are inherently important in terms of security insofar as they involve human suffering and injustice, retard local development, and undermine entire populations' quality of life is from which school of thought?

A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism

Question 55

An interpretation of security in which individuals' security is taken into account, rather than states, and in which the definition of threat includes anything that can impinge fundamentally on basic human rights is known as against

A) Defensive realism.
B) Applied liberalism.
C) Hard security.
D) Human security.

Question 56

That which is being studied is called

A) Referent object.
B) Applied liberalism.
C) Hard security.
D) Human security.

Question 57

Human security is directly related to

A) Development.
B) Economic relations.
C) Institutions.
D) All of the above.

Question 58

One of the biggest trade-offs in human security relative traditional security has been

A) Military equipment.
B) Repression of women.
C) Proliferation.
D) None of the above.

Question 59

The very best predictor of a states' peacefulness is its level of

A) Nuclear weapons.
B) High-technology weapons.
C) Violence against women.
D) Gun violence.

Question 60

How do realists, liberals, and constructivists view the pursuit of security?

Question 61

What is the security dilemma, and what can the net effect be?

Question 62

What did Carl von Clausewitz mean by his dictum, "War is nothing but the extension of policy by other means"?

Question 63

List the elements of power.

Question 64

Define soft power and provide an example of its effect.

Question 65

What are the criticisms of "soft power"?

Question 66

What is "smart power"?

Question 67

Define compellence and provide an example.

Question 68

Define second-strike capability and MAD.

Question 69

What are the benefits of maintaining a military?

Question 70

What are the costs of maintaining a military?

Question 71

Discuss the role of political will in relation to great powers.

Question 72

List the conditions under which the principle of sovereignty can be overridden.

Question 73

Discuss the disadvantages for great powers in intervening in internal conflicts.

Question 74

Discuss Carl von Clausewitz's view of war and politics. What experiences in his life contributed to his view of war? Use a historical event to demonstrate how failing to heed his advice could lead to failure on the battlefield.

Question 75

Discuss the elements of power. After each is explained, compare and contrast two current states in terms of their power.

Question 76

Were nuclear deterrence and MAD responsible for the "long peace" of the Cold War era? Be sure to define deterrence and the four categories of deterrence, and use at least three events from the period 1946-1990 to show how either deterrence or some other factor served to preserve peace between the United States and the USSR.

Question 77

Explain the strategies of deterrence, defense, and compellence. Be sure to define each and to provide a historical example of each.

Question 78

Discuss the benefits and costs of maintaining a military. Discuss how realists and liberals view the U.S.-China relationship.

Question 79

Discuss interstate conflict and intrastate conflict. Be sure to discuss the perils of outside intervention in internal conflicts. Provide examples of each kind of conflict.