Question 1

The student nurse studying fluid and electrolyte balance learns that which of the following is a function of water? Select all that apply.&#10;A) provide a medium for transporting wastes to cells and nutrients from cells&#10;B) provide a medium for transporting substances throughout the body&#10;C) facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning&#10;D) act as a buffer for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes&#10;E) help maintain normal body temperature&#10;F) facilitate digestion and promote elimination

Accepted Answer

Water provides a medium for transporting substances, facilitates cellular metabolism, helps maintain body temperature, and aids in digestion and elimination.

Question 2

A nurse explains the homeostatic mechanisms involved in fluid homeostasis to a student nurse. Which of the following statements accurately describe this process? Select all that apply.&#10;A) The kidneys selectively retain electrolytes and water and excrete wastes and excesses according to the body's needs.&#10;B) The cardiovascular system is responsible for pumping and carrying nutrients and water throughout the body.&#10;C) The thyroid gland secretes aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone that helps the body conserve sodium, helps save chloride and water, and causes potassium to be excreted.&#10;D) The lungs regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood, which is especially crucial in maintaining acid-base balance.&#10;E) Thyroxine, released by the adrenal glands, increases blood flow in the body, leading to increased renal circulation and resulting in increased glomerular filtration and urinary output&#10;F) The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus.

Accepted Answer

A) The kidneys play a crucial role in fluid homeostasis by regulating electrolyte and water balance, as well as excreting wastes.B) The cardiovascular system is essential for distributing nutrients and water throughout the body, supporting fluid homeostasis.D) The lungs contribute to maintaining acid-base balance by regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, which indirectly affects fluid balance.F) The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which is vital for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels, elements important in fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 3

By what route do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lung?&#10;A) osmosis&#10;B) filtration&#10;C) diffusion&#10;D) active transport

Accepted Answer

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs by diffusion in the lung. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and it occurs across the thin walls of the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the surrounding blood vessels. Oxygen from the air in the alveoli diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the bloodstream diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body.

Question 4

Which of the following descriptions best summarizes fluid homeostasis?&#10;A) Almost every body organ and system helps maintain homeostasis.&#10;B) The cardiovascular and renal systems primarily maintain homeostasis.&#10;C) Homeostasis is maintained through intra- and extracellular exchange.&#10;D) Homeostasis is maintained by the arterioles, capillaries, and venules.

Accepted Answer

Fluid homeostasis involves the coordinated efforts of almost every body organ and system, including the cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, and endocrine systems, to maintain a stable internal environment.

Question 5

A patient has metabolic (nonrespiratory) acidosis. What type of respirations would be assessed?&#10;A) periods of apnea&#10;B) decreased depth and rate&#10;C) increased depth and rate&#10;D) alternating fast and slow

Accepted Answer

In metabolic acidosis, the body tries to compensate by increasing the depth and rate of respirations to blow off excess carbon dioxide, which can lower acidity in the blood. This is known as Kussmaul respirations.

Question 6

A nurse reads a complete blood count report for a patient who has been admitted to the hospital with fluid overload from late-stage kidney disease. What abnormal result would the nurse expect to find?&#10;A) increased white blood cells&#10;B) increased platelets&#10;C) decreased hematocrit&#10;D) increased hematocrit

Accepted Answer

Fluid overload from late-stage kidney disease can lead to anemia, which would result in a decreased hematocrit level. A complete blood count report includes measurements of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, among other values. Elevated white blood cells (A) may indicate an infection or inflammation, while elevated platelets (B) may indicate a clotting disorder. Increased hematocrit (D) is not expected in fluid overload from late-stage kidney disease, as this is a sign of dehydration.

Question 7

A patient has a decreased potassium level. What high-potassium foods would the nurse teach the patient to eat?&#10;A) lunch meat, salted nuts, whole milk&#10;B) buttermilk, hard candy, spinach&#10;C) carbonated beverages, beer, olives&#10;D) oranges, bananas, broccoli

Accepted Answer

Oranges, bananas, and broccoli are all high in potassium and can help increase the patient's potassium levels. Lunch meat, salted nuts, whole milk, buttermilk, hard candy, spinach, carbonated beverages, beer, and olives are all low in potassium or can even worsen potassium levels.

Question 8

A woman has had her left breast removed for cancer. She also had an axillary node dissection on the left during surgery. How would this affect placement of an intravenous line?&#10;A) Either arm may be used.&#10;B) Neither arm should be used.&#10;C) The left arm should not be used.&#10;D) The right arm should not be used.

Accepted Answer

The removal of the left breast and axillary node dissection may increase the risk of lymphedema in the left arm, which is a condition characterized by swelling caused by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid. Therefore, the left arm should not be used for placement of an intravenous line to prevent further damage to the lymphatic vessels and to decrease the risk of lymphedema. The right arm may still be used for placement of an intravenous line as the lymphatic vessels on the right side of the body should not be affected.

Deck 30: Rest and Sleep