Question 1

Lombroso's term for the less evolved physically degenerate criminals.&#10;A) Atavistic&#10;B) Carnivalistic&#10;C) Asthenic&#10;D) Criminaloids

Accepted Answer

Lombroso believed that atavistic criminals were less evolved and exhibited primitive physical characteristics, such as protruding jaws and low foreheads, which were similar to those found in earlier stages of human evolution. The other choices are not terms used by Lombroso in his study of criminal behavior.

Question 2

According to Kretschmer, if we arrested a young man for criminal offending - especially murder, which body type would he be most likely to have?&#10;A) Leptosome&#10;B) Mesosome&#10;C) Athletic&#10;D) Pyknic

Accepted Answer

Kretschmer suggested a correlation between body types and personality traits, where the athletic body type was more likely to be associated with aggressive behavior and criminal activities, including murder.

Question 3

Type question here&#10;A) Most twins have been incarcerated.&#10;B) The concordance rate was highest among fraternal twins suggesting that heredity was an important cause of crime.&#10;C) The concordance rate was highest among identical twins suggesting that heredity was an important cause of crime.&#10;D) The concordance rate was highest among fraternal twins suggesting that environment was an important cause of crime

Accepted Answer

The statement indicates that the concordance rate was highest among identical twins, which supports the idea that heredity plays a significant role in criminal behavior.

Question 4

Studies of different hormones and violent offending suggest that all of the following are True except which one?&#10;A) There is a positive relationship between testosterone and violence.&#10;B) There is a positive relationship between adrenalin and aggression.&#10;C) There is a negative relationship between adrenalin and aggression.&#10;D) Higher blood serotonin levels were linked to higher self-reported levels of violence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found a positive relationship between testosterone and violence (A), and a positive relationship between adrenalin and aggression (B). However, there is no evidence for a negative relationship between adrenalin and aggression (C). Higher blood serotonin levels have been linked to lower levels of violence, not higher (D).

Question 5

The three basic criteria scientists follow to determine if causation is likely include all but which one of the following?&#10;A) The relationship between cause and effect must not be spurious.&#10;B) Cause must come before the effect.&#10;C) The cause and effect must be correlated.&#10;D) The relationship between cause and effect must be spurious.

Accepted Answer

The statement "The relationship between cause and effect must be spurious" is incorrect. In order for causation to be likely, the relationship between cause and effect must not be spurious or coincidental. The other three criteria are correct: there must be a correlation between cause and effect; cause must come before effect in time; and the relationship between cause and effect must not be due to another variable (i.e. not spurious).

Question 6

Which of these is a persistent disorder or disability of the mind that results in abnormally aggressive or irresponsible behavior that is not the product to psychosis or other illness.&#10;A) Schizophrenia&#10;B) Split Personality&#10;C) Antisocial personality disorder&#10;D) Mania

Accepted Answer

Antisocial personality disorder is a persistent disorder of the mind that involves abnormally aggressive or irresponsible behavior, often with disregard for the rights of others. It is not the product of psychosis or other mental illness. Schizophrenia involves a range of symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking and behavior. Split personality is also known as dissociative identity disorder and involves the presence of two or more distinct personality states. Mania is a state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, energy, and activity levels. None of these disorders specifically involve the persistent aggressive and irresponsible behavior seen in antisocial personality disorder.

Question 7

According to the classical school perspective, individuals commit crime because they&#10;A) Have rationally determined it makes sense to do crime.&#10;B) Natural born criminals&#10;C) They have a chemical imbalance.&#10;D) They are poverty stricken.

Accepted Answer

According to the classical school perspective, individuals commit crime because they have rationally determined it makes sense to do crime. This theory holds that individuals are rational beings who make choices based on their own self-interest and the benefits and costs associated with their actions. They weigh the potential risks and rewards of committing a crime and decide whether or not to do so based on this analysis.

Question 8

The importance of Shaw and McKay's study of crime in Chicago is that:&#10;A) They proved that crime was inherited.&#10;B) Regardless of who lived in high crime areas, they tended to remain high crime areas.&#10;C) Criminals weighed the cost and benefits of doing crime.&#10;D) Crime was inherent to certain racial groups.

Accepted Answer

Shaw and McKay's study found that regardless of who lived in high crime areas, they tended to remain high crime areas. This challenged the belief that crime was solely a result of individual characteristics or biology, and instead emphasized the importance of social and environmental factors in shaping criminal behavior.

Question 9

Following Durkheim's ideas of anomie, where might we expect homicide to be highest?&#10;A) In rural areas where people are left to their own devices.&#10;B) In urban areas where people are less connected to other people.&#10;C) In suburban areas, where people have more to lose.&#10;D) In non-urban areas where we would expect people to know others more intimately

Accepted Answer

According to Durkheim's theory of anomie, homicide rates are expected to be highest in urban areas where people are less connected to others and feel a sense of isolation and disconnection. This is due to the breakdown of social norms and values that provide a sense of purpose and direction in life. In rural areas, where social bonds are stronger and people have a greater sense of belonging, homicide rates are generally lower.

Question 10

Which of the following is not given by Barkan as an explanation for the fact that the U.S. is one of the most violent industrial nations today?&#10;A) Economic stratification&#10;B) High rates of gun ownership&#10;C) Racial hostility&#10;D) Culture of violence

Accepted Answer

Barkan provides economic stratification, high rates of gun ownership, and culture of violence as explanations for the U.S. being one of the most violent industrial nations. He does not cite racial hostility as a factor.

Deck 3: Explanations for Homicide