Deck 17: The Ecological Revolution of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Question 1

As Japan expanded and colonized,they

A) treated the Ainu differently from the way that the English treated Scots highlanders and the Gaelic Irish.
B) treated the Ainu the same way that the English treated Scots highlanders and the Gaelic Irish.
C) had little to do with the Ainu because their numbers were so small.
D) had little conflict with the Ainu because so few Japanese migrated.

Answer 1

treated the Ainu the same way that the English treated Scots highlanders and the Gaelic Irish.

Question 2

What was an Old World product that only became widely popular in Eurasia once it was cultivated in the New World?

A) tobacco
B) sugar
C) cacao
D) potatoes

Answer 2

sugar

Question 3

After the Russian conquest of Kazan in the 1550s opened the regions of the lower Volga River,

A) few Russians colonized the area because of the lack of cities.
B) the Russians focused mainly on the exploitation of the fur trade.
C) large numbers of Russians colonized the region, but mainly they raised livestock and did little farming.
D) the Russians developed the region for grain cultivation.

Answer 3

the Russians developed the region for grain cultivation.

Question 4

In the seventeenth century,which of the following was NOT a result of the wave of diseases that struck during that period?

A) an increase in dedications by believers to attempt to atone for their sins
B) the development of antibiotics
C) an increase in cases of tuberculosis
D) a decrease in cases of leprosy

Question 5

The most prominent mark of the Spanish colonies were their

A) plantations.
B) cities.
C) mines.
D) commercial ports.

Question 6

What was a reason that the Spanish and other Europeans developed the African slave trade to solve their labor issues?

A) Europe had a long tradition of using African slaves back in their homelands.
B) Europeans did not think it right to enslave other Europeans.
C) African slaves were not affected by the diseases found in the Americas.
D) Europeans thought that Native Americans were less capable of doing the work that they wanted.

Question 7

An important outcome of the Columbian Exchange was that

A) nutrition improved.
B) global population rose.
C) the majority of people in Europe moved to cities during the sixteenth century.
D) Virginia's native tobacco became popular in Europe.

Question 8

A complaint that was made by Johann Bach against coffee was that it

A) caused people to work too hard.
B) was addictive and bad for one's health.
C) had the potential to break up marriages.
D) was too expensive, and the government should intervene.

Question 9

Once European colonists arrived with their livestock and their agricultural knowledge,

A) they always succeeded.
B) they found that Old World crops could be adapted with little change to the environments of the Americas.
C) they sometimes failed and had to rely on crops that they borrowed from Native Americans.
D) they found that Old World crops sometimes failed, but that livestock were always successful.

Question 10

One disease that may have originated in the Americas and was passed to the Old World was

A) influenza.
B) malaria.
C) smallpox.
D) syphilis.

Question 11

During the seventeenth century,how many Europeans immigrated to New England?

A) around 6,000
B) around 13,000
C) around 21,000
D) around 30,000

Question 12

At the southern tip of Africa,the Khoi were

A) raiders who established a short-lived colony to exploit the gold resources of the area.
B) Muslims who destroyed local monasteries to turn back Christian settlements.
C) a pastoral people who were successful with livestock.
D) farmers pushed out by the Dutch colonists in the seventeenth century.

Question 13

What steppe people did the Safavids finally defeat in 1597 after nearly a century of warfare?

A) Mongols
B) Kazakhs
C) Tibetans
D) Uzbeks

Question 14

The Manchus imposed their own culture on the Chinese after the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1644 by making

A) their language the official language of China.
B) the Chinese shave their hair.
C) their culture predominant throughout China.
D) making all Chinese dress in the Manchu fashion.

Question 15

One of the key factors that made colonial agriculture more productive was the introduction of

A) African slavery.
B) fertilizers.
C) the plow.
D) systematic planting.

Question 16

After the arrival of Europeans,in areas of Mesoamerica and the Andes,Native American populations typically fell by

A) 25 percent.
B) 50 percent.
C) 70 percent.
D) 90 percent.

Question 17

The lasting contribution of Charles Ledger,an adventurer and entrepreneur whose travels ranged from Bolivia and Peru to Australia was:

A) to import alpacas to Australia.
B) to introduce South American and Australia to double-entry bookkeeping.
C) to make possible a cure for malaria by spreading seeds for the tree that produces quinine to European colonies.
D) to create a new textile industry for alpaca wool in Algeria.

Question 18

Which of the following plants originated in the New World?

A) sugar, tobacco, and yams
B) citrus fruits, potatoes, and beans
C) cotton, cacao beans, and coconuts
D) tomatoes, squash, and potatoes

Question 19

The major reason for the tremendous death rate among Native Americans from disease during the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries was

A) malnutrition.
B) lack of immunities.
C) overwork.
D) warfare.

Question 20

Which of the following animals were brought to the Americas by Europeans?

A) bison
B) horses
C) llamas
D) turkeys

Question 21

What was the primary economic purpose of the land surveys that were carried out by governments in Spain,Japan,and France during the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries?

A) to identify undeveloped resources
B) to create accurate maps
C) to make taxation fairer
D) to gain more knowledge about the lands themselves

Question 22

The term "black gold" refers to

A) a special type of gold ore that was found only in the Amazon region.
B) furs.
C) African slaves.
D) tobacco.

Question 23

Why did the microbial exchange not have the same consequences in Africa that it did in the Americas?

Question 24

How did the Chinese,Russian,Persian,and Mughal empires turn back the tide of steppelander peoples?

Question 25

One truly global aspect of the ecological revolution was

A) bringing increasing amounts of land into agricultural production.
B) the spread of slavery.
C) more emphasis on business and commerce as a profession.
D) less warfare.

Question 26

New England developed as a center of wealth because of its

A) rice growing areas.
B) rich wheat fields.
C) maritime trade.
D) tobacco farms.

Question 27

What ecological changes were brought about by the Columbian Exchange?

Question 28

What new methods of hunting or food production were introduced by Europeans to Native Americans in North America?

A) the use of domesticated plants for agriculture
B) a focus on the hunting of beaver
C) the use of steel knives
D) the tapping of maple trees for syrup

Question 29

The vast majority of slaves shipped from Western Africa went to

A) India.
B) North America.
C) South America.
D) China.

Question 30

During the 1600s,coal was increasingly used

A) for refining sugar and salt.
B) for lighting.
C) for powering engines.
D) in China in place of wood.

Question 31

The ecological revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries laid the foundation for all of the following future developments EXCEPT:

A) globalization.
B) population growth.
C) exploitation of resources.
D) religious conflict.

Question 32

As a belt of communication developed across Eurasia and the Americas,

A) the amount of food produced increased greatly.
B) most peoples around the world showed themselves reluctant to develop new crops.
C) new crops and animals played little role in the great colonizing movements.
D) the different imperial powers responded very differently to the problems and opportunities of the time.

Question 33

What were the plants and animals exchanged between the Old and New Worlds? How were people a part of this exchange?

Question 34

What new developments in Africa and the Americas gradually created new types of pastoral imperialism?

Question 35

Portuguese colonists on the coast of Brazil began to explore the interior of the continent primarily because

A) of the discovery of gold and diamonds.
B) they wished to expand their sugar plantations inland.
C) they needed more land for those coming from Portugal.
D) of a desire for exploration of the unknown.

Question 36

What was the global impact on food supplies of the Columbian Exchange?

Question 37

How did the microbial exchange in the Americas affect the development of the African slave trade?

Question 38

By 1700,land ownership in the colony of Virginia tended to be

A) more equal with small holders possessing the majority of the land.
B) held only by the king with all lands then being leased to colonists.
C) all in the hands of wealthy land owners, with almost no small holdings.
D) weighted more in favor of wealthy landowners.

Question 39

What was the microbial exchange,and what was its effect on the Native American population?

Question 40

One negative aspect of the massive land reclamation projects in the Netherlands was that

A) more people were attracted to farming, and the population of the cities decreased.
B) land values dramatically fell as a result of the large increase in available land.
C) large landowners no longer found agriculture profitable.
D) smallholders lost access to the sea and had to sell out to large landowners.

Question 41

How did imperialism during this period become more efficient in exploiting new types of energy and developing new lands? How was this affected by the communications revolution of this period?

Question 42

How might the decline of the steppe peoples relate to the rise of global oceanic navigation? What sort of evidence do we have to answer such questions?

Question 43

How did human settlement expand its range in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? What were the motives behind this expansion? What effect did it have on ecological frontiers? What effect did it have on the way colonists viewed the natural world?

Question 44

In what ways did the expansion of China and India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries rely on colonization,settlement,and policies of forced migration? Compare these two states and discuss the long-term effects of these policies.

Question 45

How did the European colonies in the Americas create a global communications revolution?

Question 46

What were the ecological consequences of the global communications revolution?
In Perspective

Question 47

What impacts did this ecological revolution have on the migration of peoples across the Americas,Africa,and Eurasia?

Question 48

What role did the Americas play in the ecological revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 49

How did the Spanish colonies differ from those established in North America?

Question 50

What were the ways that the Spanish and Portuguese exploited the lands they colonized?

Question 51

How did the interests of the Spanish and English crowns in their colonies differ? How were they similar?

Question 52

Explain the unintended consequences of the exchange of goods and diseases for Latin American,European,and Asian societies.Your answer should discuss changes in population,diet,and other aspects of the Columbian Exchange.