Deck 18: Mental Revolutions: Religion and Science in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Question 1

Most of the Christian missionary projects of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries were run by Roman Catholic religious orders because of

A) a complete lack of interest by Protestants.
B) war in Europe.
C) the greater appeal that Catholicism had around the world.
D) manpower and wealth.

Answer 1

manpower and wealth.

Question 2

Confraternities in Brazil were

A) white institutions established for the worship of a patron saint.
B) discouraged by the church, especially the Jesuits.
C) black institutions that promoted a servile attitude towards whites.
D) unstable organizations.

Answer 2

unstable organizations.

Question 3

In his early descriptions of Native Americans,Christopher Columbus says that

A) they lacked business skills and could easily be corrupted.
B) they were fierce warriors.
C) they were too weak to be useful as slaves.
D) they had complex societies.

Answer 3

they lacked business skills and could easily be corrupted.

Question 4

The religious reforms of Zhu Hong and Han Shan were aimed at

A) making Christianity accessible to Asians.
B) creating a new religion with elements of eastern and western practice.
C) presenting Buddhism as a religion that people could practice at home.
D) making Islam the majority religion of the Chinese colony in the Philippines.

Question 5

Veneration of the Virgin Mary was extremely popular among blacks because

A) she was seen as resistant to magic.
B) she sanctified virginity.
C) she was close in spirit to a traditional fertility goddess.
D) both b and c

Question 6

Some of the most common crimes investigated by the Inquisition were

A) thievery and larceny.
B) the corrupt practices of church officials.
C) violations of prohibitions of dancing.
D) fornication and bigamy.

Question 7

Why were activities such as bull fighting banned in many places?

A) because the bull was thought of as an evil demon
B) because of an increased concern for the well-being of animals
C) because such activities might lead to temptation
D) because such activities were associated with Islam

Question 8

The religion of Sikhism

A) is an offshoot of Hinduism and focuses only on two gods.
B) is a form of Islam that developed first during the seventeenth century.
C) blended elements of Islam and Hinduism and is monotheistic.
D) believes that the Mughal emperor Akbar was a manifestation of God on earth.

Question 9

One of the key interests that the Chinese had in the Jesuit missionaries was their

A) popularity with the Chinese peasantry.
B) skill as astronomers and clockmakers.
C) toleration of ancestor worship, as confirmed by Pope Clement XI.
D) religious teaching.

Question 10

Religious reform of Mongolia under Altan Khan was guided by

A) Tibetan Buddhists.
B) Jesuits.
C) Muslim scholars.
D) Hindu priests.

Question 11

On what important religious matter did Martin Luther and John Calvin disagree?

A) the question of whether the Bible should be translated into local vernacular for all to read
B) the question of whether to send tithes to the Catholic Church in Rome
C) the need to end corruption and illiteracy among clergymen
D) the question of whether, if God had chosen some people for salvation from before time began, he must also have excluded others

Question 12

As Christian missionaries spread their religion among Native American communities,the converted

A) uniformly destroyed their old places of worship and gave up the old ways.
B) rarely ever really converted people to the new religion.
C) often mixed elements of their traditional worship with the new.
D) refused to learn the Latin liturgy.

Question 13

Renaissance scholars felt inspired by the work of Hermes Trismegistos because it

A) was more scientific in its approach than anything else up to that time.
B) was thought to have been written by a student of Aristotle.
C) blended Christian theology with scientific learning seamlessly.
D) represented an alternative to the rationalism of classical learning.

Question 14

One radical change that Martin Luther advocated and the Catholic Church resisted was that

A) marriage had to be performed in the church.
B) devotional books could be written in the vernacular languages.
C) the liturgy should be performed in the vernacular languages.
D) all images should be removed from churches.

Question 15

Martin Luther's views on religious practice led him to advocate all of the following EXCEPT:

A) publication of the Bible in translation.
B) laypeople reading and studying the Bible without recourse to a priest.
C) open revolt by German peasants inspired by his works.
D) respect for hierarchy of bishops in a reformed Protestant church.

Question 16

One of the reasons that Martin Luther was successful in spreading his message was

A) the printing press.
B) that no one had attempted to reform the church before.
C) that the church hierarchy was willing to listen to his ideas.
D) that the poor peasantry followed him.

Question 17

Ignatius Loyola was

A) originally a wandering ascetic who founded the Franciscans.
B) a priest who became a leader of the Inquisition in Spain.
C) a soldier who founded the Jesuits.
D) a disillusioned monk who founded the Dominican order.

Question 18

Most often,the first Muslims to spread Islam into new areas of Africa were

A) warriors.
B) missionaries.
C) monks.
D) merchants.

Question 19

Which of the following was a consequence of the new Christian awareness that arose during the later Middle Ages?

A) a new set of theological dogmas concerning the trinity
B) a new set of techniques of prayer and devotion
C) movement away from religious orders in southern Europe
D) a new openness to different manners of spirituality

Question 20

Millenarianism

A) was a concept well known in pre-Christian Native American religions.
B) was an idea that Franciscan missionaries tried to dampen among their converts.
C) was a new idea that Christian missionaries first introduced to Native American communities and only then became popular.
D) was a concept that only became popular among Christians during the sixteenth century.

Question 21

The English philosopher Francis Bacon developed the way by which scientists turn observations into general laws through

A) an inductive method.
B) a reductive method.
C) a deductive method.
D) a conductive method.

Question 22

Compare the role of syncretism in the conversions of new peoples to Christianity,Buddhism,and Islam.

Question 23

In what two areas did Europe first pull ahead in technological superiority to the rest of the world?

A) printing and ironworking
B) clockwork and lens crafting
C) shipbuilding and printing
D) gunpowder and ironworking

Question 24

According to Bartolomé de Las Casas,the practice of human sacrifice was evidence of the

A) barbarity of the Native American peoples.
B) wicked nature and savagery of Native Americans, which gave the Spanish the right to enslave them.
C) misplaced piety of the Native Americans who practiced it.
D) lengths that some would go to accuse Native Americans of things that they never did.

Question 25

A key factor in the acceptance of Western science in East Asia was in the field of

A) astronomy.
B) chemistry.
C) natural science.
D) physics.

Question 26

The empiricism of leading scientists such as Isaac Newton focused on the idea that

A) all appearances are false and that only theory is valid.
B) reality is observable and verifiable.
C) the Bible is the only reliable authority.
D) God is an unnecessary hypothesis.

Question 27

One reason the Western view of the world was appealing in Japan was because it

A) placed Japan at the center.
B) supported values with which the Japanese identified.
C) undermined Chinese claims to cultural superiority.
D) was based on scientific facts.

Question 28

Christian missionaries found their greatest successes in making new converts in

A) China.
B) Japan.
C) Korea.
D) Indonesia.

Question 29

During the early period of the Qing dynasty,the rulers

A) opposed any revival in Confucian learning.
B) were primarily concerned with trade and commerce.
C) supported traditional Manchu beliefs about the world and felt Confucianism was wrong.
D) stimulated a revival in Confucian learning.

Question 30

The young Jesuit missionary Manuel Dias told his Chinese readers in 1610 about "a famous Western sage" who had constructed an instrument that made the moon seem "a thousand times larger." Who was that Western sage?

A) Isaac Newton
B) Francis Bacon
C) Galileo Galilei
D) Johannes Kepler

Question 31

How did missionary activity among Christians,Buddhists,and Muslims compare?

Question 32

Once Jesuit missionaries demonstrated Western technology in astronomy at the Chinese Imperial Observatory,the imperial court

A) was unimpressed with their technology, but then worked to steal it.
B) asked the Jesuits to teach their astronomers.
C) handed the observatory over to the Jesuits.
D) systematically reformed their calendar themselves.

Question 33

How did the events of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation attempt to answer problems facing Christians during the sixteenth century?

Question 34

What types of new Christian,Buddhist,and Muslim foundations were created as a result of this missionary activity? Did these new foundations always practice their faith in the same ways?

Question 35

The predominance of Islam among world religions slipped because of its

A) population losses.
B) exclusion from the Americas.
C) conservatism.
D) identification with Asia.

Question 36

The major contribution of the French philosopher René Descartes was in the realm of

A) astronomy.
B) chemistry.
C) epistemology.
D) physics.

Question 37

What were the main problems facing Christians during the sixteenth century?

Question 38

How did the Reformation and Counter-Reformation also reflect broader currents in European culture and society?

Question 39

The work by Nicolaus Copernicus that reclassified the earth as one of the planets was

A) famous during his own lifetime.
B) banned by the church immediately after its publication.
C) immediately accepted as true by most astronomers.
D) further developed by Johannes Kepler.

Question 40

Which of the following types of magic are correctly matched with their scientific relation?

A) mathematics and cabbalism
B) pansophy and physics
C) astronomy and philology
D) alchemy and astrology

Question 41

How did the relationship between Western science and the Islamic and East Asian world change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 42

What were the consequences of the separation of magic and science for European culture?

Question 43

Why was the practice of magic combined with the practice of science during the sixteenth century? Discuss specific examples.

Question 44

Compare and contrast how Islam spread through Africa with the spread of Christianity through Asia between 1650 and 1750.What people or mechanisms were responsible and how did they differ?

Question 45

How did the experience of coming into contact with so many new peoples and their religions affect the way that Europeans thought about religion?

Question 46

How did different Europeans use religion to both justify and question European treatment of other peoples?

Question 47

How did the practices of science and magic begin to be separated during the seventeenth century? Who were some of the key individuals responsible for this shift?

Question 48

What role did European advances in astronomy play during this period?

Question 49

What factors allowed Europe to begin moving ahead of the rest of the world in scientific knowledge by the end of the seventeenth century?

Question 50

How were Europeans confronted with new questions of what it means to be human by the wide variety of peoples they encountered?

Question 51

How was Western science received in the East? What Western ideas were most welcome in the East,and which were not? How were the Jesuits agents of cultural exchange in Asia?

Question 52

Compare the advantages and challenges faced by Christianity,Islam,and Buddhism during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 53

Discuss how the emergence of major Protestant denominations in Europe and the reformation of Catholic church contributed to a significant expansion of religious practice across Europe.

Question 54

How did the reception of European science elsewhere reflect local cultural concerns?
In Perspective