Deck 20: Driven by Growth: The Global Economy in the Eighteenth Century

Question 1

By the end of the eighteenth century,steam power and mechanization had dramatically increased production of

A) textiles, coal, and agricultural products.
B) coal, soap, and beer.
C) textiles, tobacco, and ceramics.
D) coal, ceramics, and textiles.

Answer 1

coal, ceramics, and textiles.

Question 2

Much of China's economy was

A) freely owned by independent businessmen.
B) controlled by the state and closely regulated by government bureaucrats.
C) independently owned, but regulated by the state.
D) so powerful and rich because it was not subject to taxation by the state.

Answer 2

controlled by the state and closely regulated by government bureaucrats.

Question 3

Inoculation against smallpox,one of the worst killers in the history of human diseases,was

A) developed by an English doctor.
B) brought back to Europe by Captain James Cook.
C) introduced to Europeans by a traveling doctor from Egypt.
D) a practice learned by Europeans from the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 3

a practice learned by Europeans from the Ottoman Empire.

Question 4

What country had nearly 350 million people by 1800?

A) China
B) India
C) Russia
D) the Spanish Americas

Question 5

What group accounted for most of the population growth in the Americas during the eighteenth century?

A) Africans
B) Asians
C) British Europeans
D) Spanish Europeans

Question 6

One of the main reasons that the British developed the massive trade in opium with China was

A) to correct a longtime trade deficit.
B) to create millions of addicts and weaken the country.
C) because opium could not be sold in Europe.
D) to force the Chinese to open diplomatic and trade negotiations.

Question 7

During the eighteenth century,the world's richest society was

A) Britain.
B) China.
C) India.
D) Ottoman Empire.

Question 8

The avoidance of cholera outbreaks in Japan was probably because of their

A) use of human waste in fertilizer, which kept city streets clean.
B) bathing culture.
C) early introduction of sewage treatment plants.
D) tea drinking.

Question 9

During the eighteenth century,both Japan and France

A) had spectacular growth that was similar to Russia.
B) had population growth that was similar to the Persian Empire.
C) grew at rates similar to those found in North America.
D) grew at a rate similar to that of India.

Question 10

What events occurred that caused the Mughal Empire to enter a period of economic loss to Europeans?

A) preference for European silk by the wealthy and the sacking of Delhi
B) loss of revenues from Bengal and sacking of Delhi
C) invasion by China and the loss of revenues from Bengal
D) invasion by Persians and Afghans and the death of the last Mughal emperor

Question 11

The last major outbreak of plague in Europe occurred in

A) Naples.
B) Marseilles.
C) Amsterdam.
D) London.

Question 12

The approximate percentage of the population who lived in towns and cities in the Spanish Americas was

A) 5 percent.
B) 10 percent
C) 20 percent.
D) 30 percent.

Question 13

In what area did the world's population increase most rapidly during the eighteenth century?

A) China
B) France
C) India
D) North America

Question 14

A way that the ecological exchange created by the addition of the New World's plants and animals to the Old World's may have contributed to the rise in population was that

A) this exchange made food less expensive and more available to larger numbers of people.
B) new markets were created for food that raised people's incomes around the world and their ability to support large families.
C) complexity and diversity were reintroduced into the human food chain.
D) the exchange promoted urbanization and a healthier lifestyle for people.

Question 15

One of the conditions that promoted the development of steam power in Britain was

A) the country's small population.
B) the lack of a fuel source.
C) the need for raw materials.
D) the poor quality of the soil.

Question 16

What gave French merchants an edge in competing for trade in the Ottoman Empire?

A) Tax breaks and naval protection were provided by the French government.
B) French porcelain was of especially superior quality to others.
C) The Ottomans made special arrangements for superior French textiles.
D) The French used superior military firepower to force the Ottomans into trade deals.

Question 17

The relentless growth of the slave trade suggests that the population of Africa during the eighteenth century was

A) decreasing only in West Africa, but stagnant elsewhere.
B) increasing throughout the African continent.
C) stagnant throughout the African continent.
D) decreasing in East Africa, but rising in western Africa.

Question 18

Two inventors associated with the discovery of electricity are

A) Isaac Newton and Friedrich Mesmer.
B) Galileo Galilei and Marin Mersenne.
C) Benjamin Franklin and Luigi Galvani.
D) Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin.

Question 19

During the eighteenth century,the practice of Western medicine

A) was revolutionized by the Enlightenment.
B) made some progress but remained for the most part ignorant and useless.
C) improved as the theory of germs was introduced as a cause of infection.
D) greatly reduced infant mortality.

Question 20

Scurvy,a deadly disease that had plagued sailors and others for centuries,was found to be cured by

A) a diet of meat and bread.
B) inoculation.
C) eating fruits and vegetables.
D) plenty of rest and fluids.

Question 21

What scientific discoveries did Westerners make in the eighteenth century,and how did the discoveries contribute to rising productivity?

Question 22

What economic factors enabled Europeans to catch up with China and the Ottoman Empire in world trade?

Question 23

By the eighteenth century,the Dutch and French succeeded in taking the lead from Arabia in the production of

A) coffee.
B) silk.
C) pepper.
D) cloves.

Question 24

In what areas of their economies did the Koreans and Japanese follow ideas that had begun in Europe?

A) agriculture
B) ceramics production
C) mining
D) textile production

Question 25

How did the world's population rise and fall during the eighteenth century? Discuss some possible explanations for and the impact of these changes?

Question 26

The foundation of overseas colonies by European states was worth the investment because

A) the colonists often created diverse new cultures that enriched life back in Europe.
B) they contributed new resources to Western economies.
C) they rarely cost very much.
D) they provided added manpower.

Question 27

As industrialization took hold in the late eighteenth century,wages in England and Scotland

A) fell because less-skilled persons were employed.
B) rose and fell wildly because of the uncontrolled nature of the market.
C) remained static because of the rise in demand.
D) rose because of the increase in wealth that flowed into Britain.

Question 28

In what ways did China continue to demonstrate economic vitality in this period?

Question 29

Aside from the possibilities for economic exploitation,European governments saw their colonies primarily as places where

A) huge numbers of settlers could establish new lives for themselves.
B) natives could be taught European languages and culture.
C) their merchant and military vessels could rest and re-supply.
D) they could compete with other Europeans.

Question 30

The mission of Captain Bligh's Bounty in 1787 was to

A) explore the Pacific Ocean in search of the fabled Northwest Passage.
B) obtain breadfruit as a potential staple food for slaves in the West Indies.
C) seek out new lands and peoples for Great Britain.
D) map the islands to the west of Australia.

Question 31

The quip that Britain was "a nation of shopkeepers" was made by

A) Daniel Defoe.
B) Napoleon Bonaparte.
C) Edmund Crompton.
D) Arthur Young.

Question 32

What advantage did Europeans have over the Chinese in agricultural development during the eighteenth century?

A) a greater amount of wealth with which to fund experimentation with new plant varieties
B) a greater experience with plant and animal husbandry
C) access to more varied climes, flora, and fauna
D) more of a native instinct for experimentation

Question 33

What conditions enabled the British to dominate India economically?

Question 34

An important reason that more people moved into urban areas during the eighteenth century was because

A) food was less expensive in the cities.
B) improved hygiene made them healthier.
C) they were safer and more regulated.
D) work was more plentiful in the cities.

Question 35

How scientific was medicine during this time? In what ways did medical knowledge advance?

Question 36

What possible explanations might be given for the extraordinary population growth rates that occurred in much of the world during this time?

Question 37

For Britain,the two of the most important things that colonies were expected to provide were

A) centers for manufacturing and areas for settlement.
B) land for agricultural products and tax revenues.
C) military posts and ready supplies of laborers.
D) raw materials and markets.

Question 38

The diet and economy of New Zealand was transformed by the introduction of

A) beans and cattle by the British in the late eighteenth century.
B) corn and chickens by the British in the late eighteenth century.
C) potatoes and pigs by the British in the late eighteenth century.
D) rice and sheep by the British in the late eighteenth century.

Question 39

At the end of the eighteenth century,the largest economy in the world belonged to

A) Britain.
B) China.
C) India.
D) Spain.

Question 40

How might the evolutionary changes of certain diseases help us to understand population growth?

Question 41

What role did Britain's overseas possessions play in its economic development?

Question 42

How did Europe's global empires affect the development of new plants?

Question 43

Explain how the economies of India and China,two of the most dynamic and productive regions of the globe,abruptly collapsed or were eclipsed at the end of the eighteenth century.What new trading relationships help explain these changes?

Question 44

Write an essay that explains how Europe as a whole grew larger and more powerful because of colonial expansion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,even though the costs of this expansion were extremely high for the states that established and maintained these colonies.

Question 45

How did Europe's global empires bring about the introduction of plants and animals into new locations around the world?

Question 46

What are the social,economic,and political reasons for the rise of Britain as a world power in the eighteenth century? What factors led to its military and economic strength? How did this affect the economy in Britain and other parts of the world?

Question 47

What effect did the economic changes of the eighteenth century have on China and India?

Question 48

What was the impact of these new plants and animals on the global economy and environment?
In Perspective

Question 49

What role did Britain play in the increase in the production of manufactured goods? Why did Britain play a key role?

Question 50

How did the relationship between the New Europe settlements and the countries that had founded them change during the eighteenth century?