Deck 10: Sex Differences in Health Evidence and Explanations

Question 1

What is the reason that the sex difference in mortality increased over the 20^th century?

Answer 1

Women were less likely to die in childbirth. Rates of chronic disease mortality increased (heart disease and cancer) and affected men more than women. Men's increase in smoking can be attributed to both heart disease and cancer.

Question 2

What is the reason for the more recent decrease in the sex difference in mortality?

Answer 2

Men quit smoking and women started smoking. Thus, men saw a decrease in smoking-related deaths, while women saw a parallel increase. In addition, treatments for heart disease advanced and benefitted men more than women.

Question 3

hat are the 4 leading causes of death today and what are the risk factors for these causes of death?

Answer 3

The leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer, accidents, and chronic lower respiratory disease (empyhysema). Accidents moved from the fourth to third leading cause of death in the past few years due to the opioid epidemic. The causes of all of these deaths are behavioral - smoking, drinking, drug use, drinking while driving, diet.

Question 4

What is the evidence for higher morbidity rates among females than males?

Question 5

hy are sexual minorities at increased risk for poor health outcomes?

Question 6

ow did the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trial affect the interpretation of the link between estrogen and reduced heart disease in women?

Question 7

How do women's and men's immune system differ?

Question 8

What are some reasons that women have worse outcomes from heart disease treatment compared to men?

Question 9

How is sex related to health behaviors?

Question 10

hy do women have more difficulties than men quitting smoking?

Question 11

re the consequences of alcohol the same for women and men?

Question 12

What are the primary reasons for the escalation in rates of obesity among children?

Question 13

What are some features of the male gender role that are hazardous for health?

Question 14

hat is the "nurturant role hypothesis"?

Question 15

hat are the explanations for the link of unmitigated communion to poor health?

Question 16

Which of the following is true?

A) Men have higher rates of morbidity and mortality than women
B) Men have higher rates of morbidity but lower rates of mortality than women
C) Men have lower rates of morbidity but higher rates of mortality than women
D) Men have lower rates of morbidity and mortality than women

Question 17

There are differences in mortality rates by:

A) Education
B) Sex
C) Race
D) All of the above

Question 18

Factors that cause sex differences to appear that do not actually exist are:

A) morbidity differences
B) artifacts
C) illness behaviors
D) fixed role obligations

Question 19

Why are women more likely than men to use more health care?

A) gynecological problems
B) women have more chronic illnesses than men
C) women have greater disability and physical limitations than men
D) all of the above

Question 20

The randomized experiment of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) found that:

A) women had an increased risk of breast cancer
B) women had a decreased risk of heart disease
C) women had an increased risk of kidney disease
D) women had a decreased risk of stroke

Question 21

What is NOT an artifact of the relation between gender and health?

A) socioeconomic status
B) physician bias
C) age
D) none of the above

Question 22

Resource substitution is the idea that:

A) a different resource is temporarily used when other resources are lacking
B) one resource has a larger effect when other resources are lacking
C) it is difficult to replace one resource with another
D) internal resources explain someone else's behavior

Question 23

Which of the following is a reason for the sex disparity in heart disease?

A) men are older than women when they get heart disease
B) women are more likely to get treatment referrals than men
C) physicians don't take heart disease as seriously in women as they do men
D) all of the above

Question 24

Which group of women does not receive more health care compared to men?

A) lesbians
B) older women
C) heterosexual women
D) working women

Question 25

Men are more likely than women to suffer from:

A) arthritis
B) pain
C) immune disorders
D) heart disease

Question 26

The most preventable cause of death is:

A) motor vehicle accidents
B) smoking
C) genetics
D) pneumonia and influenza

Question 27

Telescoping refers to:

A) Time between first drink and substance use disorder
B) Taking care of people who depend on you
C) A narrowing of the coronary arteries
D) None of the above

Question 28

Who is more likely to have a genetic disposition to alcohol-use disorders?

A) women
B) men
C) both have same likelihood
D) there is not a genetic basis for alcohol-use disorders

Question 29

Which health behavior is most strongly linked to the leading causes of death?

A) smoking
B) diet
C) drug use
D) alcohol use

Question 30

Why do women have a harder time than men when trying to quit smoking?

A) smoking cessation is linked to depression
B) possible weight gain after quitting
C) smoking is a greater physiological addiction in women than men
D) all of the above

Question 31

There is a sex disparity in obesity in the United States among:

A) Whites
B) Asians
C) Hispanics
D) All of the above

Question 32

Television and computers have been linked to:

A) decrease in physical activity
B) increase in alcohol use
C) decrease in obesity
D) increase in physical activity

Question 33

Studies focusing on people on a kibbutz found:

A) larger sex differences in chronic illnesses
B) smaller sex differences in life expectancies
C) smaller sex differences in employment sectors
D) larger sex differences in risky behavior

Question 34

Which of the following explains why men have higher mortality rates compared to women?

A) risk-taking behavior is encouraged more among men than women
B) men work longer hours than women
C) men cumulate more chronic illnesses than women
D) all of the above

Question 35

According to the sick role hypothesis, who is more likely to adopt the "sick role"?

A) men
B) women
C) both men and women
D) sexual minorities

Question 36

Why do women have higher morbidity rates compared to men?

A) the nurturant role of women
B) women visit the physician more frequently than men
C) women are more likely to take the "sick role" than men
D) all of the above

Question 37

Having extra weight around the hips is called:

A) android obesity
B) morbidity
C) gynoid obesity
D) illness behavior

Question 38

An example of illness behavior is:

A) smoking cigarettes daily
B) staying in bed due to flu symptoms
C) seeing the doctor for an annual checkup
D) jogging for 30 minutes daily

Question 39

The largest sex difference in sustaining injuries occurs among:

A) Black persons
B) People with risky jobs
C) People who are 25-29 years old
D) People who are over 65

Question 40

Which of the following risky behaviors are men more likely to engage in than women?

A) Men drive more than women
B) Men drink and drive more than women
C) Men's driving is riskier than that of women
D) All of the above