Deck 7: Reaffirming Rehabilitation

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the way proponents of the justice model feel about the states' paternalism?

A) Justice supporters feel that the state has too much to help offenders; therefore state intervention be significantly decreased
B) Justice supporters feel that the state has proven to be abusive, not kindly, and hence the state cannot be trusted to care for the welfare of offenders in a humane way
C) Justice supporters feel that the state has treated offenders equally and kindly, and hence the state can be trusted to care for offenders in a humane way
D) Justice supporters feel that the state hasn't done enough; therefore state intervention should be significantly increased

Answer 1

Justice supporters feel that the state has proven to be abusive, not kindly, and hence the state cannot be trusted to care for the welfare of offenders in a humane way

Question 2

Liberal efforts should be devoted to ____________ by compelling them to "do justice" and nothing more.

A) severely reducing state intervention
B) integrating state and federal intervention
C) severely increasing state intervention
D) integrating judge, prosecutor, and institutional personnel

Answer 2

severely reducing state intervention

Question 3

Proponents of the justice model contend that the principle of ___________ should guide liberal reform objectives.

A) least harm
B) more treatment
C) more harm
D) least treatment

Answer 3

least harm

Question 4

What were the liberals' two major agendas for reform that Cullen and Gilbert argue have been substantially discredited?

A) State-enforced rehabilitation and incapacitation
B) The justice model and deterrence
C) State-enforced rehabilitation and the justice model
D) The justice model and crime control

Question 5

Cullen and Gilbert argue that the most promising option for liberal reform is to __________.

A) reaffirm corporal punishment
B) reaffirm getting tough on crime
C) reaffirm the justice model
D) reaffirm rehabilitation

Question 6

Which of the following criminal justice philosophies implies that the state has an obligation to do good for offenders?

A) Incapacitation
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Deterrence

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the goals of deterrence?

A) To preserve the social order by locking offenders up
B) To protect the social order by making offenders suffer sufficiently to dissuade them as well as onlookers entertaining similar criminal notions from venturing outside the law on future occasions
C) To provide society and crime victims with the psychic satisfaction that justice has been accomplished by harming offenders in doses commensurate with the harms their transgressions have caused
D) To set a humanizing climate of new social expectations and change for the better

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why Cullen and Gilbert suggest liberals should reaffirm rehabilitation?

A) The ideology of rehabilitation provides an important rationale for opposing the conservatives' assumption that increased repression will reduce crime
B) Rehabilitation still receives considerable support as a goal of the correctional system
C) Rehabilitation is less expensive to implement in prisons and thus will save the criminal justice system millions of dollars
D) Rehabilitation has historically been an important motive underlying reform efforts that have increased the humanity of the correctional system

Question 9

The rehabilitative philosophy is built on the concept of ___________ while the justice model seeks exclusively to broaden __________.

A) rights; retribution
B) caring; prisoners' rights
C) retribution; just deserts
D) prisoner rights; just deserts

Question 10

Which of the following is not true of conservative thought regarding sentencing and punishment?

A) Increasing the costs of crime can be done by sending more offenders to prison for longer periods of time
B) Decreased repression will reduce crime
C) Tough rather than humane justice is the answer to society's crime problem
D) The costs of crime should outweigh the benefits

Question 11

Cullen and Gilbert argue that conservatives' and liberals' perspectives converge closely with one another's and in the end, the opposition between the groups is typically regarding ___________.

A) The exact amount of free time inmates should have during the day
B) The definition of prison overcrowding
C) The exact amount of deprivation of liberty and of living conditions during incarceration that each criminal act "justly deserves"
D) Whether rehabilitation should be enforced in prison

Question 12

The ideology of rehabilitation __________ the conclusion that the constant escalation of punishment will mitigate the amount of crime committed.

A) corresponds with
B) partially supports
C) agrees with
D) disputes

Question 13

Treatment proponents argue that much of the illegality that plagues society is intimately linked to ___________; thus, a true solution to the crime problem ultimately rests in the support of reform programs that will bring about a more equitable distribution of resources through a broad structural transformation of the social order.

A) existing social inequalities and injustices
B) the culpability of the single perpetrator
C) the benefits of crime outweighing the costs
D) the fundamental flaws in the capitalist system

Question 14

____________ argued that a rehabilitative stance allow us to speak about the "crime of punishment," rather than the "punishment of crime"

A) Robert Martinson
B) LaMar Empey
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Karl Menninger

Question 15

In a national survey, the largest percentage of those surveyed said __________ should be the main purpose of incarcerating people.

A) rehabilitation
B) severe punishment
C) deterrence
D) removing offenders from society

Question 16

Which of the following best describes what Cullen and Gilbert propose as the solution for criminal justice reform?

A) State-enforced therapy
B) Severe punishment
C) State-obligated therapy
D) Just deserts

Question 17

According to the writers of Institutions, Etc., there are three principles that must be followed in order for correctional administrators to gain tenure. What are they?

A) (1) Keep within your budget, (2) Rehabilitate offenders to their fullest potential,
(3) Keep employee turnover rates low
B) (1) Keep within your budget, (2) Keep your staff happy, (3) Keep your institutions free from incidents
C) (1) Treat offenders equally, (2) Keep your staff happy, (3) Rehabilitate offenders to their fullest potential
D) (1) Treat offenders equally, (2) Rehabilitate offenders to their fullest potential,
(3) Keep your institutions free from incidents

Question 18

In order for us to see the emergence of more and better treatment services, reduced inmate idleness, increased inmate self-improvement, and ultimately more productive and less criminogenic offenders released back into society, Cullen and Gilbert argue that we must make _____________ accountable for the quality of rehabilitation programs.

A) judges
B) police officers
C) legislators
D) correctional administrators

Question 19

Under ___________ , inmates agree to complete certain rehabilitation programs and in exchange are given the exact date on which they will be paroled.

A) probation contracts
B) parole contracts
C) obligation contracts
D) enforcement contracts

Question 20

Throughout Cullen and Gilbert's entire analysis, they have assumed that the ____________ reform goals of greater justice and humanity in the processing of offenders are worthy of pursuit and are the standards against which any criminal justice policy or practice ought to be evaluated. Therefore, they suggest the reaffirming rehabilitation should stem from the beliefs of this particular political party.

A) liberal
B) conservative
C) radical
D) communist

Question 21

Cullen and Gilbert argue that liberal thinking about criminal justice is in a state of crisis. What is their reasoning for such an argument?

Question 22

Explain how the philosophy of rehabilitation seeks to humanize the prison environment, while other ideologies (deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution) do not have a vested interest in doing good for offenders.

Question 23

The promise of inmate rights is based on the assumption that more benevolence will occur if the relationship of the state to its deviants is fully adversarial and purged of its paternalistic dimensions. Explain how this "rights perspective" can be a two-edged sword, however.

Question 24

Explain how extending new rights for inmates can be utilized to legitimate the neglect of the welfare of those under state control. (Hint: think about the handling of mental patients over the years.)

Question 25

Briefly explain the three ways in which the core assumptions of the justice model converge closely with those found in the paradigm for crime control put forth by conservative proponents.

Question 26

Existing survey data suggests that rehabilitation persists as a prevailing ideology. Identify who or what types of people support rehabilitation.

Question 27

What is the problem with the logic that we should "help only those who want to be helped?" That is, what risk(s) do we run if we make rehabilitation completely "voluntary" or ensure that it has no impact on when an inmate will be released from prison?

Question 28

Identify at least four factors that contribute to correctional institutions not "correcting" or rehabilitating offenders effectively.

Question 29

Parole contracts have the advantage of being the only reform that could garner support both from liberals favoring the justice model and from those on the left who have not given up on the rehabilitative ideal. Explain how these contracts work to satisfy both the left and right ideologies.

Question 30

Explain how campaigning for rehabilitation would work. That is, what steps do Cullen and Gilbert suggest should be undertaken in order for rehabilitation to gain strong support again?

Question 31

Steven Marcus has argued that liberals have learned that "we can degrade people by caring for them." On the other hand, as Cullen and Gilbert's analysis has found, the justice model suggests that "we can degrade them by not caring for them as well." Marcus has also followed with the following: "in matters such as these there are neither simple answers no simple solutions." Discuss how we can hurt people by caring for them, on one hand, but also by not caring for them, on the other hand. What criminal justice model do you think hurts inmates the least? Explain in detail how such a system would work.

Question 32

Cullen and Gilbert offer four reasons for why they believe that liberals should reaffirm and not reject the correctional ideology of rehabilitation. Identify and discuss these four reasons in detail.

Question 33

Cullen and Gilbert suggest three beginning strategies that can be pursued by liberals endeavoring to intensify the state's interest and hence obligation to rehabilitate offenders. Discuss these strategies in detail.