Deck 4: Attacking Rehabilitation

Question 1

In the 1960s into the 1970s, which political ideology believed that to solve the failures of American criminal justice, rehabilitation and the indeterminate sentence had to be abandoned and replaced by the principles of just deserts and determinacy?

A) Conservatives
B) Liberals
C) Positivists
D) Both conservatives and liberals

Answer 1

Both conservatives and liberals

Question 2

According to Richard Quinney, __________ became a code word for all that was wrong with American society, a symbol of the disruptive forces that were undermining traditional patterns of authority and precipitating the decay of the social fabric.

A) juveniles
B) crime
C) prisons
D) politics

Answer 2

crime

Question 3

Conservatives argued that at the core of the problem, the criminal justice system has become more concerned with __________ than with __________.

A) benefiting the criminal; preventing the victimization of innocent citizens
B) prosecuting adult offenders; prosecuting juvenile offenders
C) redirecting a case outside the justice system; prosecuting the accused
D) preventing the victimization of innocent citizens; benefitting the criminal

Answer 3

benefiting the criminal; preventing the victimization of innocent citizens

Question 4

In the 1960s, many conservative scholars and politicians argued that too many rights were accorded to criminal defendants over the previous two decades. In addition, they argued that we coddle lawbreakers because we think they should be __________, rather than __________.

A) punished; rehabilitated
B) incapacitated; put on probation
C) rehabilitated; punished
D) put on probation; rehabilitated

Question 5

In 1976, it was declared that __________ can no longer be trusted to possess the freedom to send offenders back into society. Therefore, their discretion must be constrained.

A) judges
B) politicians
C) conservatives
D) police officers

Question 6

According to conservatives, since free will is exercised in the commission of all but the exceptional crime, __________, not __________, should be held responsible for their actions and thus fully deserve to be legally sanctioned by the state.

A) adults; juveniles
B) society; lawbreakers
C) juveniles; adults
D) lawbreakers; society

Question 7

With the turmoil and social disruption occurring in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal reformers developed new goals for the criminal justice system. Which of the following became a goal of liberal reform?

A) rehabilitation
B) due process
C) corporal punishment
D) Christianity

Question 8

The emergence of __________ marked the beginning of a period in which the legitimacy of state authority was subjected to continued and widespread debate among liberal forces.

A) Vietnam
B) the civil rights movement
C) Attica
D) Watergate

Question 9

At first, liberals did not campaign for the complete abolishment of rehabilitation; instead, they argued that the source of the inhumanities in our prisons can be traced to all of the following except:

A) The faulty or inadequate implementation of rehabilitative ideals
B) Underfinanced and irrational treatment programs
C) Rehabilitation was built on a determinate sentencing scheme
D) The principles of rehabilitation were never fully embraced

Question 10

In 1974, ___________ reported the results of an extensive research project that investigated the effectiveness of correctional treatment and concluded that "nothing works" to rehabilitate offenders.

A) Nathan Leopold
B) Philip Zimbardo
C) David Rosenhan
D) Robert Martinson

Question 11

According to liberal critics, all were fundamental reasons why criminal justice rehabilitation was inherently flawed and therefore could not be expected to cease an offender's criminal involvement, except:

A) Criminal justice rehabilitation is enforced
B) Supervision in the community is too closely monitored
C) An incorrect theory of crime underlies existing treatment programs
D) A treatment paradigm presupposes that an offender's progress in institutional programs is a good indicator of whether an inmate will recidivate

Question 12

What did David Rosenhan's research, entitled "Being Sane in Insane Places," conclude about individuals' talent to discriminate the insane from the sane?

A) No one by themselves can acquire the talent to discriminate the sane from the insane
B) Individuals with a medical degree are the only ones' who can distinguish between the sane and the insane
C) Everyone who is trained properly can acquire the talent to discern the sane from the insane
D) Individuals with a psychology degree and a medical degree have the talent to distinguish between the sane and the insane

Question 13

Liberals argued that the indeterminate sentence had been fundamentally corrupted and transformed into a tyrannical tool for prison officials. For example, wardens did not earn economic security by reforming offenders, rather their job tenure was intimately dependent on their ability to __________.

A) ability to keep inmates in solitary confinement
B) replace large institutions with smaller, community-based facilities that could handle their clients
C) maintain peace within the community of inmates they supervise
D) incarcerate as many inmates as possible

Question 14

Liberals asserted that while judges were entrusted with sufficient discretion to develop an individualized treatment program for each offender that passes through the criminal justice system, this discretionary power had eventuated in little treatment and much abuse within the confines of the prison. In fact, ample case evidence is available that convincingly shows that discretionary justice is the equivalent of __________.

A) intolerant justice
B) discriminatory injustice
C) reformation
D) appropriate justice

Question 15

Once the guiding philosophy of rehabilitation was forfeited, what new correctional philosophy was embraced by liberals to guide criminal sanctioning?

A) Deterrence
B) Truth-in-sentencing
C) Just deserts
D) Restorative justice

Question 16

Which of the following is not an assumption set forth by the "justice model for corrections?"

A) All sentences must be determinate or flat
B) Sentences will be legislatively fixed and narrow in range
C) Judges will use their discretion to determine individual treatment plans for each offender
D) Voluntary rehabilitation programs should be supported and expanded

Question 17

According to liberals, when prison terms are warranted, they should not exceed __________ years.

A) 2 years
B) 5 years
C) 6 months
D) prison should not be used at all

Question 18

__________ typically means that for every day or several days of conformity while incarcerated, an inmate has one day subtracted from his or her sentence.

A) A home visit
B) Furlough
C) Jail consolidation
D) Good time

Question 19

Under the principle of just deserts, the exclusive purpose of a prison sentence is to ___________.

A) punish offenders by depriving them of their liberty
B) restore ties with the community following confinement
C) redirect an offender's behavior toward conduct that is law-abiding
D) achieve a balance between the rights of offenders and the security interests of corrections officials

Question 20

All of the following describe the way radicals felt during the 1960s and 1970s except:

A) Radical thinkers have displayed little enthusiasm from determinate sentencing reform
B) Radicals are critical of state enforced therapy, but do not think the justice model will bring meaningful reform
C) Radicals argue that determinant sentences are an attempt to increase repressiveness and preserve capitalism
D) Radicals argue that liberals' call for due process of law is an efficient strategy because it reduces oppressiveness

Question 21

During the mid-1960s into the 1970s, America was described as socially disordered and disobedient. Identify at least three things that were occurring in the U.S. that led to the country being described as such.

Question 22

Conservatives warned that the permissiveness evident in other institutional spheres had crept into our correctional system. Briefly explain what this means.

Question 23

In a 1976 presentation, Sam Steiger argued that our criminal justice system not only fails to solve the crime problem but actually promotes and sustains the problem. According to Steiger, how is this so?

Question 24

According to conservatives, what strategy would be used to eliminate the discretion that had received legitimation from the rehabilitative ideal?

Question 25

Conservatives rejected the positivist reasoning that criminals are pathological and that moral blame for the crime problem ultimately rests with society. Instead, conservatives argued that offenders break the law when?

Question 26

Conservatives launched a two-pronged attack against the rampant lawlessness plaguing the social order. What were these two "prongs"?

Question 27

Identify at least three things that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s that led liberals to mistrust the state. In other words, what types of social disruptions occurred in this era that led liberals to question the legitimacy of state authority?

Question 28

Briefly explain the lesson that can be drawn from Philip Zimbardo's Stanford University Prison Study.

Question 29

Identify at least two "pros" and two "cons" to an indeterminate sentencing scheme.

Question 30

Briefly explain the radicals' position on the conservatives' call for harsh flat terms and the liberals' call for determinate sentencing. That is, when will "doing justice" work, according to radicals?

Question 31

Discuss in detail the conservative attack of "getting tough" on crime and the liberal attack on "doing justice." Where do the two political ideologies agree and where do they differ?

Question 32

In a radical transformation of perspective, liberals asserted that it is not the implementation of the theory of rehabilitation that is faulty, but the theory itself. Liberals identified three reasons why we should talk about the "crime of treatment"-problems in theory, doing harm, and the administration of injustice. Discuss these ideas in more detail. In your answer, make sure to identify how these concepts are detrimental to making the philosophy of rehabilitation successful.

Question 33

Several liberal supporters outlined the specifics of what the legal system would entail that supported retribution, rather than rehabilitation. Identify and discuss in detail the eight central parameters that these supporters argued must comprise a liberal "justice model for corrections."